书院与科举关系的再认识--以唐至五代时期的书院为例

从唐至五代时期的书院来看,科举制度是促进书院发展的重要力量。书院与科举联姻的主要原因包括:儒家传统文化影响、封建家族维护稳定和发展的需要及书院教育家的榜样作用等。书院与科举的联姻在促进书院发展的同时也使书院演变成另一种形式的官学,从而阉割了书院自由讲学、独立研究的办学精神,这一历史教训令人深思。     

白鹿洞书院概况

书院是我国封建社会自唐末开始萌芽的一种重要教育组织形式,它集学田、藏书、奉祀及关注时事为一体。我国书院有一千多年的发展历史,在众多的书院中白鹿洞书院被誉为四大书院之首。南宋淳熙年间,白鹿洞书院还被誉为“海内书院第一”。白鹿洞书院的前身是庐山国学,在白鹿洞书院的形成过程中李渤与朱熹起到了重要的作用,从五代到现在白鹿洞书院经历了一段曲折的发展历程。     

主持人语

书院之名起于唐,一是官方修书的机构,二是私人讲学的场所,三是虽有“书院”之名,但对其内容与性质尚无法判断之书院。吴洪成、刘园园两位先生的《唐代河北书院考论》认为张说书院、西豁书院、棠荫书院是唐代书院,为我国的书院研究增添了色彩,值得高度重视。     

一以贯之看书院

改革开放后形成了书院研究热。然而许多研究在书院研究上持双重标准,在界说书院时所持的是科学的标准,在研究过程中则放弃了这一标准,转而将书院等同于普通官立或私立教育机构。持双重标准的书院研究于书院研究无益,于借鉴书院经验进行教育改革无补。书院科学的界说当应有民间创办而非官办、承担着藏书、修书职能和高于蒙学诸要素;只有一以贯之地坚持这一标准,才是书院研究的出路,才可能取得更有价值的成果。     

唐代江州陈氏东佳书堂的性质问题刍议

具有教学功能的书院始于唐。书院不是国家规定的一种教育制度,而是民间人士自发创造的学校教育模式,书院的名称也因此极不固定,"书院"和"书堂"("书舍"、"书斋"等)存在着互用、通用的情况。徐梓先生在《元代书院研究》中认为唐代的东佳书堂已有书院之实,但尚无书院之名,从而否定了作为教学机构的书院起源于唐代的观点。从"书院"和"书堂"("书舍"、"书斋"等)名称的互用、通用来看,这一说法难以成立。     

区域书院史研究的力作——读张羽琼教授《贵州书院史》

《贵州书院史》以贵州书院与地方文化变迁为历史视阈,深入研究了贵州书院文化的发展和流变,深刻揭示了贵州书院历史变迁的动因、贵州书院时空分布及基本特征、贵州书院的讲学风采、贵州书院在近代中国的嬗变、书院文化对贵州社会历史发展和近现代教育发展的影响,为进一步深化和拓展贵州书院史和贵州教育史的研究奠定了相当的基础,是区域书院史研究的一部力作。     

宋代福建书院考辨

书院是中国古代特有的一种教育组织形式,也是有别于一般官学和私学的教育场所和学术研究单位。书院之为书院,就在于它是把讲学与学术研究紧密结合在一起的特殊教育单位。是否是讲学和学术研究场所是判断一个地方是否为书院的主要标准。根据这一标准,考辨李国钧主编的《中国书院史》中的附录三《历代书院名录》中所列的所谓“宋代福建书院”而实非的书院可知,被该书列入宋代福建书院而实非的书院主要有如下几种类型：读书处、祭祀处、读书兼祭祀处、刻书处。此外,还有一类是基于朝代划分错误的,即元代书院。     

试论清代两湖地区书院刻书业的特点及其社会作用

书院所刻印的图书,在版本学上称为“书院本”。历代书院硕儒云集,“书院本”校勘精审,质量上乘,版本价值较高。随着清代两湖地区书院的兴起和繁荣,书院刻书业也逐渐兴盛起来。清代两湖地区书院刻书业的特点和社会作用主要表现在：一是刊刻历代经史典籍、丛书、文集、名家读本,作为书院的教材和阅读参考书籍;二是刊刻大量的书院志、学规、章程、藏书目录等书院志书文献,为书院的教学管理及其基本建设服务;三是刊刻书院师生的读书札记、课艺等,反映书院师生的学术成就,为书院教学、科研服务;四是编修、刊刻地方志书文献,为地方文献的编纂、整理作出了贡献;五是刊刻硕儒巨著、名士文集、山长著述。为书院的学术研究和人才培养服务。     

试论清代两湖地区书院刻书业的特点及其社会作用

书院所刻印的图书,在版本学上称为“书院本”。历代书院硕儒云集,“书院本”校勘精审,质量上乘,版本价值较高。随着清代两湖地区书院的兴起和繁荣,书院刻书业也逐渐兴盛起来。清代两湖地区书院刻书业的特点和社会作用主要表现在：一是刊刻历代经史典籍、丛书、文集、名家读本,作为书院的教材和阅读参考书籍;二是刊刻大量的书院志、学规、章程、藏书目录等书院志书文献,为书院的教学管理及其基本建设服务;三是刊刻书院师生的读书札记、课艺等,反映书院师生的学术成就,为书院教学、科研服务;四是编修、刊刻地方志书文献,为地方文献的编纂、整理作出了贡献;五是刊刻硕儒巨著、名士文集、山长著述。为书院的学术研究和人才培养服务。     

宋朝遗民与元初书院传统的弘扬

宋宁宗嘉定元年(1208)到元成宗大德十一年(1307)是我国历史上新建或复建书院较多、较为集中的一个时期,而且是最能弘扬书院传统、彰显书院精神、体现书院性格气质的时期。宋末书院勃兴,多赖隐士之力,元初书院繁盛,则有遗民的一份功劳。大量的宋朝遗民栖身书院,他们或自创书院,或应人之请,在书院任教,甚至担任山长,但都刻意和元朝官府保持一定的距离,既不改遗民的操守,也捍卫了书院私学的属性,从而使得元初的书院在朝代更替的变局中,能够摆脱官府的牵制,独树一帜,不至于沦为国家学制系统中平庸的一员。     

卡思卡特城堡

It is worthy of noting that, whilst Crookston Castle witnessed the earlier and happier portion of Mary's variegated life,     

不同的吃喝玩乐

一、吃和喝吃苹果 eat an apple, 吃药 take medicine,吃糖 have some sweets,吃饭 have one's meals,吃馆子 dine out,吃惊 be surprised/     

漏洞百出的教育

Many college freshmen arrive woefully unprepared to do college work, and as disadvantaged populations continue to grow, the share of the American work force that has made it through college is expected to plummet. Many experts blame that educational failure not just on high schools but also on colleges. School & College, a special report by The Chronicle, looks at efforts to fix the system. What reforms would better prepare students for college? What should schools and colleges be doing differently? How should state and federal officials help?     

Western and Eastern culture differences in commercial field

The communication of people partially is the communication of cultures. Culture has a direct effect on international commercial activities in all aspects. Different conceptions about time, space, equality, law and the like, lead people to deal with things in different ways. So to know cultures of the counterpart is to facil-itate our enterprises so as to have a smooth and successful communication in commercial activity.     

只要努力,不要后悔

There are numbers of crossroads on our long and unpredictable life journey where we totally have no idea about which direction to choose. No matter what our decision is, we should not turn back, but face the music and go ahead instead. I am this kind of girl who always does try without regretting, one example is how I dealt with my love.     

浅谈移民问题

Migration occurs behind a variety of reasons and has a great effect on the whole world. People may migrate in order to improve their economic situation, or in order to escape civil strife, persecution, and environmental disasters. The impact of migration is complex, bringing both benefits anddisadvantages. This paper briefly talks about the causes of migration, the allocation of benefits, and the ways in which individual countries and the international community deal with this important subject.     

风的曲线

Rosco and I wait for the fishermen to return.I sit at a wooden bench near the store at Mt.Baker Resort and watch the clouds change shape. Rosco has my belt around his neck and an eight foot tow chain hooked to a tree. Dogs must be on a leash. Ducks and rabbits are loose.     

Sister Carrie, an Adherent of Desires

Sister Carrie is one of the most controversial characters in American literature.Thought as a "fallen woman" firstly,she was defined as a "new woman" by some critics later. However, by digging into the motivaton behind the whole process of Carrie's "success", the relationship between Carrie and her creator (the author), the social conditions of then American, it can be found that Carrie has never been free-standing on her thought and she has never found her real-sdf even after becoming a famous actress. In a society dominated by mass consumerism Carrie is only an adherent of her own desires. She also is a representative of all those country girls flooded into cities, a symbol and a sacrifice of the urbanization of America in a time countryside was overcome by cities.     

Improvement of one-cycle controller by use of proportional integral differential controller

1.IntroductionOne-cyclecontrolmethod,whichwasproposedaboutonedecadeago[1],hasbecomeanattractivemethodinspecialfieldssuchaspowerfactorcorrection[2-6],switchingamplifiers[7,8],etc.Themainideaofthiscontrollerisbasedonintegrationofdiodevoltageinone-cycleandforcesittobeexactlyequaltothereferencevalue.Themainadvantageofthiscontrollerisitsrealtimeabilitytorejectthevariationofinputvoltage[1].Despitethisgreatability,ithasnogoodperformancesinrejectingofloaddisturbanceandfollowingreferencecommands.Espec…