朱载堉新法密率的科学怀疑与批判精神研究

科学观察和科学实验的直接目的和结果,是积累作为理论知识基础的科学事实。而科学事实的提炼离不开科学怀疑与科学批判。我国历史上杰出的艺术科学家朱载(公元1536年-1611年)于1581年发明了新法密率(即十二平均律)。此发明不仅是中国、也是世界乐律学史上的发展与进步。综观其发明全过程,可以发现科学观察和科学实验是其科学发明的认识基础,科学怀疑与科学批判之精神是其发明得以成功的重要保证。有鉴于此,文章以朱氏新法密率为研究中心,揭示其科学发明的深层缘由:其中包括科学观察与科学实验;科学怀疑与科学批判等方法。     

西藏割舌树植物(楝科)的订正

 A revision is made of the species Walsura xizangensis C. Y. Wu et H. Li found in Xizang. A new combination, Glycosmis xizangensis (C. Y. Wu et H. Li)D. D. Tao, is made.     

亚东黄耆和单花黄耆的名实问题

发现亚东黄耆Astragalus yatungensis Ni & P. C. Li和单花黄耆A. monanthus K. T. Fu实际上就是A. donianus DC.，因此予以归并。     

徽州物语(续前)

树叶上踩动起细碎的鼓点,千差万别的等待里,流出的韵律却异常和美。举目大山处处闪发着亮色,那是潇潇的春雨燃点的。浓浓的绿意伴着山势翻卷蜿蜒,一条山沟就像精彩的美文在起伏跌宕。石级将旅程密地镶进青山绿水,真的是目不暇接啊,春雨删改不了游兴,却给大山添加了朦胧的意味。     

西藏菊科植物

 1)  The Compositae in Tibet so far known comprise 508 species and 88 genera, which nearly amounts to one fourth of the total number of genera and one third of the total number of species of Compositae in all China, if the number of 2290 species and 220 genera have respectively been counted in all China. In Tibet there are all tribes of Com- positae known in China, and surprisingly, the large tribes in Tibetan Compositae are also large ones in all China and the small tribes in Tibet are also small ones in all China. Generally speaking, the large genera in Tibet are also large ones in all China and the small genera in Tibet are likewise small ones in all China. In this sense it is reasonable to say that the Compositae flora of Tibet is an epitome of the Compositae flora of all China.      In the Compositae flora of Tibet, there are only 5 large genera each containing 30 species or more. They are Aster, Artemisia, Senecio, Saussurea and Cremanthodium. And 5 genera each containing 10—29 species. They are Erigeron, Anaphalis, Leontopodium, Ajania, Ligularia and Taraxacum. In addition, there are 77 small genera, namely 87% of the total of Compositae genera in Tibet, each comprising 1—9 species, such as Aja-niopsis, Cavea and Vernonia, etc.      2)  The constituents of Compositae flora in Tibet is very closely related to those of Sichuan-Yunnan provinces with 59 genera and 250 species in common. Such a situation is evidently brought about by the geographycal proximity in which the Hengtuang Shan Range links southeastern and eastern Tibet with northern and northwestern Sichuan- Ynnnan.  With India the Tibetan Compositae have 59 genera and 132 species in common, also showing close floristic relationships between the two regions. Apparently the floris- tic exchange of Compositae between Tibet and India is realized by way of the mountain range of the Himalayas.  The mountain range of the Himalayas, including the parallel ranges, plays a important role as a bridge hereby some members of the Compositae of western or northern Central Asia and of the northern Africa or of western Asia have migrated eastwards or southeastwards as far as the southern part of Fibet and northern part of India, or hereby some Compositae plants of eastern and southeastern Asia or Asia Media have migrated northwestwards as the northern part of Central Asia.      Some of the species and genera in common to both Tibet and Sinjiang indicate that this weak floristical relationship between these regions is principally realized through two migration routes: one migration route is by way of the Himalayas including the parallel ranges to Pamir Plataeu and Tien Shan, or vice versa. The other migration route is by way of northern Sinjiang to Mongolia, eastern Inner Mongolia, southwards to Gansu, Qinghai (or western Sichuan), eastern Tibet up to the Himalayas, or vice versa.      However, Tibet is not entirely situated at a migration crossroad of the floral ele- ments. An ample amount of the data shows that Compositae flora have a particular capability of development in Tibet. of the total number of species of Tibetan Com- positae, 102 species and 1 genus (Ajaniopsis Shih) are endemic. Besides, 8 genera are re- gional endemics with their range extending to its neighbourhood. The higher percentage of endemics at specific level than at generic in Tibetan Compositae may be a result of active speciation in response to the new enviromental conditions created by the uplifting of the Himalayas.  The flora in Tibetan Plateau as a whole appears to be of a younger age.       3) The uprising of the Himalayas and of the Tibetan Plateau accompanied by the ultraviolet ray radiation, the microthermal climate and the high wind pressure has, no doubt, played a profound influence upon the speciation of the native elements of Tibetan Compositae. The recent speciation is the main trend in the development of the Com-positae flora native in Tibet in the wake of upheaval of the plateau.     

徽州物语(续前)

当年大堂里的积墓行善的佳话和祭祀活动一样热烈。偷鸡摸斑的劣迹曾在这几受到谴责惩罚,高高在上的牌位也会对之发出无声而严正的逼视和拷间,不错,它充满三从四德、伦理纲常甚至不乏血腥暴力,然而“修身齐家治国平天下”等训诃也如天井的桂树一样时时闪发青青的光明。老房子对乡村的生存、稳定有过一定的贡缺,就像对乡村的思想有过一定的压抑制约一样。它是乡村秩序和行为的规范地。     

徽州物语(续前)

棋盘村绩溪的棋盘村是个老村,车子进不去,窄窄的石桥单挑着脚步过来了。老大的棋盘嵌在村口,大家围着看,像是电视在实况转播。也可以说开宗明义地表明,黑瓦白墙说白了都在设局。真的一盘博弈摆那里。胶着的状态,各有各的算计,你守你的加瓦的墙头,我护我的枝条纷披的院子。长条麻石,不急不慌地从明清社会里铺盖过来,严丝合缝的,不给一点多余的光亮从底子里泄出。一条路的分量满当当的沉甸甸的,架在墙与墙户与户之间。     

徽州物语(续前)

躲雨的人进家了。贩夫走卒引车卖浆者都来了。常常进来一副挑子,那是横洲马个嘴的老阮。他说他是家里人。鱼篮子像两个车轮子,竹编的,精致圆溜!没卖掉的?条、杆丝、鳊鱼、鲫鱼、鲇胡子、黄丫丁在篮里活蹦乱跳,白亮的鱼肚就像不断落下的闪电。老阮老早就在晚桥街上晃悠着鱼挑子,石板路上一阵吆喝,几十年的光景就没了。     

徽州物语(续前)

西海饭店像是从雪里升起的一个姿势一个了望,面前的石柱峰、丹霞峰恰好豁开大缺口,使它收留了更多的雪。好多年了没有这样规模的雪,下雪是冬天或者说自然的能力,冬天不能没有这样的能力,自然不能没有这样的能力。雪在平地四周融得没有一点影子了,但仍在黄山的峰壑里积攒着,石阶上铺盖着,枝梢上堆砌着,山沟里深藏着。它们和太阳一起发亮。