Procedurally related differences in the aggressive behavior ofBetta splendens (Regan)

The agonistic behaviors of maleBetta splendens (Regan) were studied during both mutually viewing and mutually caged encounters in an investigation of differences between these types of encounters. With the pairings of animals held constant, the experience of prior mutual viewing which produced significant habituation did not significantly alter aggression in subsequent mutually caged encounters. Furthermore, animals which exhibited submissiveness (zero display rates) during mutually caged encounters significantly increased the intensity of aggression during subsequent mutual viewing, while the dominant caged mates decreased the rate of displays. These results were interpreted to mean that mutual viewing produces habituation while mutual caging produces conditioned suppression, and that generalizations from one situation to the other may therefore be unwarranted.     

Differential conditionability: Reinforcing grooming in golden hamsters

Differential conditionability is the empirical finding that not all responses are equally amenable to the same conditioning paradigm. One phenomenon associated with the conditioning of grooming behavior (a difficult-to-condition response) is a decrease in its average duration when followed by food reinforcement. The first experiment investigated this phenomenon by reinforcing golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) with food for grooming or open rearing (a readily conditionable response) under three duration-dependent reinforcement schedules. The obtained data showed that different densities of food delivery had no differential effects on the average durations of grooming responses, indicating that the decreases were not the result of reinforcement-produced interruption. In the second experiment, golden hamsters were reinforced with food for grooming or for open rearing or received free food, under three interval reinforcement schedules. This experiment demonstrated that decreases in the average duration of grooming are independent of grooming behavior’s resistance to conditioning. Furthermore, although duration-dependent reinforcement schedules are largely ineffective in conditioning grooming behavior, interval schedules are shown to be quite effective in increasing rates of grooming.     

Effects of restraint on open-field activity,shock avoidance learning,and gastric lesions in the rat

Many rat studies of learned helplessness confound the stress of restraint with inescapable shock. In the present experiment, albino rats were held immobile for 0, 2, 8, 14, or 18 h. Behavioral deficits were observed in an open-field activity maze and in two-way shuttlebox avoidance acquisition. In the activity maze, a sex X restraint interaction was observed for latency to leave the center square, ambulation, and frequency of center square crossing. Males were slower to leave the center square, had fewer ambulations, and crossed the center square less frequently than females. These effects were potentiated by restraint. Males reared significantly less than females, and restrained animals reared significantly less than nonrestrained animals. Restraint also significantly increased the frequency of grooming. On the avoidance tasks, a significant restraint X trial block interaction indicated slower learning for restrained animals. The severity of the decrements increased with restraint duration. The presence of stomach lesions was positively correlated with stress duration and the severity of the behavioral decrement. The results indicate that restraint produces a variety of behavioral changes which may result in interpretive difficulties for helplessness studies that confound restraint and shock.     

Hemispheres’ Modes of Cognitive Functions in a Finnish School: grades and behaviour

This research investigated the relationship between cognitive mode of functions, school grades, behaviour problems, untidiness and impulsiveness. Right ear dominance was not significant compared to the left ear dominance in music. Music was significant when subjects were left ear (right hemisphere) dominants (REAHD) and right eye (left hemisphere) dominants (LEYHD) had better grades compared to all left eye (right hemisphere) dominants at the 0.016<0.05 level. But also (REAHD)‐(LEYHD) had even better grades when compared to left eye and left ear dominance (right hemisphere) T‐test 0.001, and also with left ear hemisphere and right eye dominance 0.024 < 0.05. Mathematics and language were not statistically significant with SOLAT and conjugated lateral eye‐movement. The OKKIE questionnaire (untidiness, impulsiveness and behaviour problems) on the whole was not statistically significant, but the right hemisphere dominants were the only ones who scored the highest in many questions from the OKKIE questionnaire in behaviour problems and impulsiv‐ity either with SOLAT or lateral eye‐movement test from the 0.0569 to 0.0900 level, and thinking loud was significant to the 0.05 level. When the subjects were regrouped — left with SOLAT and right with conjugated lateral eye‐movement, and right with SOLAT and integrated with conjugated lateral eye‐movement — the mean scores were meaningful in religion and music. In technical/manual work, they had the worst mean scores compared to other combinations.     

“企业进班级”人才培养模式实践与思考

南宁职业技术学院对艺术设计类高职人才培养模式进行了探索实践,在示范建设期间实施"项目群2+1人才培养模式"的有效探索后,进一步提出"企业进班级"人才培养模式,推动校企合作的相互渗透、融合,形成课程体系重构,教师与企业专家互聘,教室、基地互享,学生与员工互融,校园文化、企业文化互通的局面,显示了这一模式的先进性。     

取道宗儒:《太玄》的义理诠释

扬雄<太玄>与汉代官方易学偏重象数不同,它既重象数构建,又重义理诠释.本文以判别战国末年至秦汉时的"儒道互补"类型为基础,认为<太玄>与<易传>一样,属于"象数解释吸取道家思想,由经衍生的义理诠释归宗儒家思想"的"儒道互补"类型,具体分析<太玄>兼具"玄摛万类"的道家思想和"玄为仁义"的儒家伦理,可发现<太玄>"以<易>、<老>形式言儒"的著作体例体现了"取道宗儒"的思想特质.     

武术武德武技

中华武术源远流长，其内容和所涉及的方面包罗万象，武德和武技就是武术内容中主要的两个方面。本文着重叙述武德和武技之间的关系。     

Open-field behavior of wild and domestic Norway rats

The open-field behavior of wild and domestic Norway rats was compared in 15-min tests administered over 5 successive days. Wild rats exhibited more ambulation, jumping, grooming, and time inactive than domestic rats and spent more time along the arena wall. Within- and between-trial changes in behavior were generally greater for wild rats. Factor analyses revealed major loadings on factors identified as “locomotor behavior” and “grooming.” Support was obtained for the hypothesis that domestication has raised the threshold for avoidance-escape behavior in response to a novel environment.     

高校招生的STOW分析及策略实现

随着高校招生工作的内涵演进,教育资源的集中、教学质量的差异、招生制度的优化、招生工作的定位以及招生工作的宣传等影响要素,在竞争激烈的高校招生工作中已经不具有核心竞争力。随着就业教育、教育环境、教学管理以及完善的招生服务体系等"软件"和"硬件"标准的变化,高校招生工作应当针对招生实践中的具体问题加以研究,在统筹优化的同时,应当审时度势地重新构建高校招生工作的战略目标,以形成高校招生的核心竞争力。     

Demonstrator influence on observer diet preference: Analyses of critical social interactions and olfactory signals

Previous studies have shown that interaction of an observer rat with a previously fed conspecific demonstrator enhances the observer’s subsequent preference for the diet its demonstrator ate. The present series of experiments were undertaken to explore both the conditions sufficient to permit demonstrator influence on observer diet preference and the behavioral processes underlying such influence. We found (1) that an observer rat can be influenced in its subsequent diet selection by interaction for as little as 2 min with a demonstrator, (2) that during such brief interactions mouth-to-mouth contact between demonstrator and observer is necessary for demonstrator influence on observer diet preference, (3) that both cues emerging from the digestive tract of a rat fed by intragastric intubation and particles of food clinging to the fur of a demonstrator are sufficient to permit observers to identify their respective demonstrators’ diets, (4) that exposure to a diet is effective in enhancing an observer’s subsequent preference for that diet only if the diet is experienced in the presence of another rat, and (5) that diets experienced on the anterior of a live rat are more effective in altering observers’ subsequent diet preferences than the same diets experienced either on the anterior of a dead rat or the posterior of a live one.     

Exploring detection of contact vs. fantasy online sexual offenders in chats with minors: Statistical discourse analysis of self-disclosure and emotion words

This exploratory study is the first to identify content differences between youths’ online chats with contact child sex offenders (CCSOs; seek to meet with youths) and those with fantasy child sex offenders (FCSOs; do not meet with youths) using statistical discourse analysis (SDA). Past studies suggest that CCSOs share their experiences and emotions with targeted youths (self-disclosure grooming tactic) and encourage them to reciprocate, to build trust and closer relationships through a cycle of self-disclosures. In this study, we examined 36,029 words in 4,353 messages within 107 anonymized online chat sessions by 21 people, specifically 12 youths and 9 arrested sex offenders (5 CCSOs and 4 FCSOs), using SDA. Results showed that CCSOs were more likely than FCSOs to write online messages with specific words (first person pronouns, negative emotions and positive emotions), suggesting the use of self-disclosure grooming tactics. CCSO’s self-disclosure messages elicited corresponding self-disclosure messages from their targeted youths. These results suggest that CCSOs use grooming tactics that help engender youths’ trust to meet in the physical world, but FCSOs do not.     

对西方国家加强高等教育质量监控的政策分析——新公共管理理论的研究视角

加强质量监控,是20世纪80年代以来西方高等教育政策所呈现的强势话语。从理论根基看,是主导公共部门行政改革的新公共管理理论在高等教育领域的适用和体现。从政策的价值取向看,主要表现为竞争,效率、效益和效能,绩效责任以及政府资助方式的改变的市场取向。其政策的有效性体现在正、负两个层面。     

信息化创业与电子商务课程整合的"创新创业"课程体系设计

在电子商务专业教学实践及研究成果基础上,对信息化创业与电子商务课程整合的＂创新创业＂课程体系进行创新研究,提出以电子商务核心课程为主导的、培养学生＂创新创业＂能力的本科电子商务专业课程体系设计方案.     

提高双语教学质量漫谈——以汉语翻译课为例

文章对双语教学中汉语翻译课中如何以听说为主,重视其专业的的实践性,同时注意听说读写的相互渗透及促进作了探讨;提出了创设双语学习环境氛围的综合设想：开展丰富多彩的双语实训活动,营造双语学习学校大环境氛围及班级小环境氛围等。     

应用非线性控制技术进行课堂教学设计

教学活动是最复杂的人类活动之一,现行的课堂教学设计显示了强烈的线性特征,教学双向交互也呈现出“输入——输出”的必然因果关系。然而,教学结果却往往达不到预期的目标,也无益于培养学生的创造思维。本文试图引用非线性控制理论解决教学中的“输入”和“输出”的不确定性问题。     

A behavioral field approach to instrumental learning in the rat: I. Partial reinforcement effects and sex differences

The behavioral field approach employs naturalistic observation and simultaneous, multiple recordings of ecologically relevant aspects of behavior-environment interactions. Applying this approach to runway learning in the rat, the inferior acquisition speed of partial reinforcement (PRF) subjects as compared to continuous reinforcement (CRF) subjects was found to result from greater response variability, more sniffing and goal-avoidance behavior, and slower dropping out of collateral behaviors (e.g., drinking and sand-digging). Extinction first produced an increase in exploratory behavior, then displacement activities (e.g., grooming and biting) and goal-avoidance. CRF subjects showed greater response persistence as measured by number of extinction trials to disrupt an established, favored path. PRF subjects showed greater goal persistence as measured by trials to retrace from goalbox. In extinction, while CRF subjects were more inclined to engage in drinking and sand-digging in the startbox, PRF subjects exhibited more biting behavior in the goalbox. The only sex-related differences were superior speeds by female CRF subjects, inferior goal speeds by female PRF subjects during acquisition, and superior goalbox escape learning by females in extinction.     

论英语节奏

阐述了英语节奏的特点，论述了英语节奏与词重音、句重音、重音规整性，音长、元音的音质、语调和语言的可理解性三者之间的相互关系和影响。提出了掌握英语节奏的正确方法。     

Behavioral field analysis in two strains of rats in a conditioned defensive burying paradigm

Two strains of rats (albino Wistar and hooded PVG/c) were exposed to a conditioned defensive burying paradigm that consisted of placing rats in a test chamber with bedding material on the floor, shocking them with a shock prod, and recording the time each rat spent in burying responses toward the prod. Various behaviors other than burying (freezing, grooming/paw licking) were observed by a time-sampling procedure during the control, conditioning, and extinction sessions, each of which was 15 min in duration. Wistar rats generally showed behavioral inhibition, as evidenced by less burying, lower exploratory and ambulatory behavior, and higher freezing behavior. PVG/c rats spent significantly more time engaged in burying and accumulated more bedding material in the conditioning session than did the Wistar rats. No significant differences between the two strains of rats were observed during the extinction session in terms of these measurements. The results indicate that Wistar rats have a greater tendency to freeze when coping with the noxious stimulus in a conditioned defensive burying paradigm, whereas the dominant coping style for PVG/c rats is defensive burying.     

益智仁对束缚应激大鼠海马CA3区神经元损伤的影响

研究益智仁对束缚应激大鼠海马神经元损伤的影响。模型组、中药组大鼠每日束缚1次,连续3周。中药组束缚前给予益智仁水提取物灌胃。采用苏木素-伊红染色,光镜下观察海马神经元CA3区的变化。结果表明,海马神经元CA3区,模型组细胞胞体膨胀,核膜消失,核质空泡样变,细胞核固缩,尼氏体模糊,有的消失。中药组细胞未见上述明显改变。益智仁对束缚应激大鼠海马神经元损伤有明显保护作用。     

东昌湖轮虫群落结构及种群分布

对东昌湖轮虫群落结构、种群分布和丰度进行了初步研究。在湖区共检出8种轮虫，隶属于5属，其中优势种群为萼花臂尾轮虫（Brachionus calyciflorus）、角突臂尾轮虫（Brachionus angularis）和壶状臂尾轮虫（Brachionus angularis），平均丰度为618ind．／L。轮虫的种群分布及生物多样性在东昌湖三个湖区因污染程度的不同而存在着较大的差别。