Fostering understanding of institutional oppression among U.S. pre-service teachers

This paper describes the use of an institutional inquiry assignment for pre-service teachers at a large state university in the US to foster critical understanding of institutional oppression. Written inquiry assignments, web-based journal entries, and class discussions with one hundred and six pre-service teacher candidates enrolled in a cultural diversity course are analyzed using interpretive qualitative methods to examine the useful aspects as well as the limitations of this assignment for helping to engage in teaching for social justice.     

研究型大学在美国科技研发中的地位与作用

科技研发活动(R&D)在本质上促进了美国的知识创新和经济增长。研究型大学是美国科技研发,特别是基础研究的重要执行部门。美国研究型大学在数量上占全部高校的6%左右,却从联邦政府获得大部分科技研发经费,发表大量的科技论文,培养了超过60%的科学工程博士毕业生,获取超过90%的高校专利。这表明美国研究型大学的科技研发是知识生产与人才培养的良好结合,是研究型大学履行职责、服务社会的有效方式。     

1976年苏军“米格-25”战机叛逃日本事件考论

20世纪60年代后期,苏联最先进的米格-25型截击机凭借高超音速飞行性能震动西方。美国对苏常规军力的夸张研判,助推着同期美苏"缓和"的构建。1976年9月,苏军中尉别连科驾驶米格-25叛逃日本,通过拆解、研究这架米格-25,美国认为西方高估了苏联军事航空工业的实力,开始重估苏联的真实技术实力及国家发展模式效能。在20世纪70年代中期"苏攻美守"的被动态势下,美国鹰派就此增强了制苏战略信心,对苏强硬派决意抛弃"缓和"而重归对苏施压,这开启了摧垮苏联的"新冷战"的决策逻辑与战略演绎。     

论美国国会对中美关系的影响

在三权分立的美国,国会的主要功能是立法,但冷战后国会插手政府外交政策的情况越来越多,近十年来,中美关系曲折的历程充分反映了这一点.国会与政府对外交主导权的争夺表面上给人留下府会对立、分裂的印象,实际上却有利于美国外交利益的更好实现,二者并没有根本的利害冲突.     

Program and institutional predictors of environmental justice inclusion in U.S. post-secondary environmental and sustainability curricula

Environmental justice (EJ) issues and perspectives, which emphasize the disproportionate environmental hazards experienced by low-income communities and communities of color, are often excluded from higher education sustainability discourses and curriculum. Utilizing a national sample of 297 interdisciplinary environmental and sustainability (IES) degree programs, this study identifies program-level values and student racial/ethnic demographics, as well as institutional structural characteristics influencing the inclusion of EJ content in IES curriculum. The findings have important implications for IES curriculum and program development, and racial/ethnic and class dynamics in this emerging field.     

美国联邦实验室的绩效评价及其改革

该文对美国联邦政府实验室以提高绩效为目的进行的改革和采取的主要措施，以及改革的法律基础——美国政府绩效法进行了阐述，埘实验室砰价及考评过程中可用的评价方法进行了较详细的分析研究，最后对我国的实验室管理提出了相关的建议。     

State educational performance reporting policies in the U.S.: Accountability's many faces

The purpose of this study was to examine continuity and change in state-level performance reporting (PR) policies in the United States, particularly their relationship to education reform. The authors conclude that PR has become deeply imbedded in state educational policy systems, due to pressures for increasing accountability. However, numerous impediments have prevented PR from being an important driver of education reform in many states. Typically PR has not yet become fully integrated into a system of coherent state education reform policies. The authors call attention to five issues surrounding state PR which require clearer articulation.     

Meeting needs assessment challenges: Applying the performance pyramid in the U.S. Army

This article describes an application of the Performance Pyramid, a needs assessment framework that supports a holistic view of an organization allowing assessors to identify how organizational culture may affect performance. We illustrate use of the Performance Pyramid for a needs assessment with human systems integration practitioners in the U.S. Army. We describe how the Performance Pyramid guided our methods, data collection, and results interpretation and discuss advantages and disadvantages of the methodology.     

美国现代基金会与美国政府的关系

对20世纪美国社会的稳定和发展而言，美国现代公益基金会扮演着重要角色。本文从美国现代基金会发挥的社会功能出发，通过对基全会的行业组织和主管部门的考察．探讨现代基金会与美国政府的关系，从而呈现出美国政府如何对基金会进行有效的管理。通过这三方面的考察。揭示了美国政府的政策和治理方式对美国现代基金会的发展的巨大影响，对于一些发展中国家日益发展的慈善事业的规范和管理具有理论价值争现实意义。     

Pedagogical readings in the U.S.S.R.

The elaboration of problems of pedagogy, and the improvement of the processes of education and training call for serious theoretical and experimental research. The development of new elements in a system of training and specially organized experiments are undoubtedly needed. But one should always bear in mind that the peculiarity of pedagogy is that it is inalienably connected with practical pedagogical work. Here one finds its source-and its area of application. Soviet pedagogical science cannot fruitfully develop without close co-operation with teachers' work. The teacher is vital for the success of education and the training of the younger generation. Soviet teachers devote their energies to educating and instructing builders of a communist society. And in this respect they have accumulated a vast store of experience. This experience is shared with the masses and is of primary importance in the complex sphere of education. The result of this advanced pedagogical experience forms a solid basis for further progress in theory and is an effective means of improving educational work in schools. Antonina Grigorievna Khripkova, Vice-President and Corresponding Member of the U.S.S.R. Academy of Pedagogical Sciences, is the author of more than sixty works in the field of education, among which arePhysiology of Man and Animals, Acceleration of Physical Development of Children and Adolescents, The Biological and the Social in Human Development and Education, Talk on a Difficult Subject (on sexual education for pupils) andProblems of Sexual Education     

美国人的音乐

一位美国早期的作家柯柏(James Fenimore Cooper)曾说:美国人对音乐艺术几乎可以说是相当的无知。如果这话曾经是事实,今日你绝不会这么认为了。大部份的美国人,甚至包括那些没有音