儿童谎言的两种不同类型:白谎与黑谎

依据谎言的动机,可将谎言划分为白谎与黑谎,白谎是为避免伤害他人或取悦他人而说的假话,是利他性谎言。黑谎是为隐瞒错误或避免自身的过失受到惩罚而说的假话,是利己性谎言。成人应打破对儿童说谎一概而论的观念,区别对待儿童的白谎与黑谎。     

几种不同类型行列式的计算

高职数学把行列式列为基本而重要的内容之一,并把行列式的计算作为线性代数的教学重点,本文通过对行列式的计算方法及技巧之三角形化法、降阶法、利用特殊行列式、数学归纳法、拆项法、加边法(升阶法)的研究,力图起到抛砖引玉的作用,解决行列式的计算问题。     

廉江粤语的两种短语重叠式

粤语廉江话中存在粤语中不常见的两种短语重叠式:动词短语重叠式和方位短语重叠式。前者有临界发生的状态、状态轻说和动作持续的语义,后者可表接近某处/时的语义。与基式相比较,以上重叠式在语义、句法上的差异可用认知上的有界化进行归纳和解释。廉江粤语的短语重叠式应是粤西地区粤客闽三方言接触而形成的产物。     

Two types of voluntary undergraduate attrition: Application of Tinto's model

Tinto's model of institutional attrition was tested by comparing undergraduate students who had dropped out from Washington State University (WSU) one year prior to the study with a control sample of students who continued at WSU. Tinto's constructs of individual attributes, past educational experience, goal commitment, institutional commitment, social integration, and academic integration were operationalized using variables obtained from precollege records, academic records at the university, and a post-withdrawal survey. Setwise discriminant function analysis was used to discriminate between the attrition sample and the control sample using Tinto's constructs. Variables measuring individual attributes, past educational experience, institutional commitment, and academic integration all contributed significantly to the discriminant function when all other variables were controlled for. Tinto's model was also able to explain the differences between those attrition students who transferred to another institution and those who dropped out of higher education. Those that dropped out had a significantly lower academic ability, lower academic integration, lower goal commitment, and lower social integration.     

两类新的Lie代数和它们的Liouville可积演化方程族

Based on the generalization of Lie algebra An-1,two types of new Lie algebras were worked out and the integrability of the related hierarchies of evolution equations were proved in the sense of Liouville.     

服务两型社会 培养高素质酒店管理专业人才

为服务两型社会,服务武汉城市圈区域经济发展,对高职酒店管理专业人才培养进行了探索与研究。本文在分析高职酒店管理专业人才培养目前存在的问题的基础上,提出了酒店管理专业人才培养的“六化”策略。     

Effects of different types of instructor comments in online discussions

The current study examined the effects of different types of instructor comments on student engagement in an online discussion. In particular, this study examined three comment types: (1) praise-oriented comments, agreeing with students’ initial messages and recapping their ideas, (2) elaboration-encouraging comments, requesting elaboration on the initial messages, and (3) perspective-widening comments, suggesting different or thought-provoking opinions responding to the initial messages. Seventeen graduate students enrolled in an online course were recruited. A content analysis was employed to evaluate the levels of knowledge construction. Interactivity was measured by the number of posts and idea units. The findings revealed that perspective-widening comments facilitated students’ evaluation on the peer postings and brought up diverse perspectives, contributing to knowledge construction. While elaboration-encouraging comments led to high interactivity among students, praise-oriented comments had no significant effect on the frequency of interactivity.     

Retention of prose following testing with different types of tests

Taking a test on a passage one has just studied is known to enhance later retention of the passing contents. This study examined the effects of three types of initial test on later retention: a short-answer test, a multiple-choice test, and a full free-recall test. Questions on the first two of these tests covered only half of the passage contents. Later retention was compared for both initially tested content and un-tested content with that of a control group not initially tested on the passage at all. The subjects were 57 secondary school students who studied a brief history text before taking one of the initial tests. All were given retention tests 2 weeks later. The classical testing effect (enhanced retention due to initial testing) was shown to be influenced by the type of initial test used. Thus, a testing effect was evident in the case of the initial short-answer test, but not in the case of either of the other two tests. A depth-of-processing view is advanced in interpreting this finding. The testing effect was found not to generalize to untested content and in one condition (the initial multiple-choice test), retention of untested content was depressed.     

谈两种不同翻译类型中的文化对等问题

近年来,翻译所要遵循的原则在理论界出现了许多观点,但都是基于传统的翻译原则——＂信、达、雅＂展开的,其中,＂信＂是最基本的但也是最难把握的一条原则。它是指在各种翻译活动中（包括语内翻译、语际翻译和符际翻译）,应从＂忠实＂这个角度出发,力求寻找在不同的历史、文化背景下最佳的翻译方法。文化对等意指翻译过程中注重文化的差异,尽量再现原文所要表达的意图、思想感情等。     

Primary pupils' experiences of different types of grouping in school

There has been little research on pupils' experiences of ability grouping. This study aimed to explore the perceptions of primary‐aged pupils regarding the purpose and practice of within and between class ability grouping; their experiences of those practices; and how their attitudes to school, self‐perceptions and behaviour were affected. The study was undertaken in six primary schools adopting different combinations of grouping practices including streaming, setting, within‐class ability and mixed ability grouping. Six pupils, of high, moderate or low ability, mixed in gender, in each Key Stage 2 class were interviewed in each school. The findings showed that pupils were aware of how and why they were grouped and accepted the rationales provided. Attitudes towards school were not affected by grouping structures, but pupils' awareness of their place in the pecking order and the nature of teasing in the school were, although these were mediated by school ethos factors.     

Differences in influence: different types of university employees compared

Tertiary Education and Management - Changes, improvements and innovations in university organisations regularly end up in sluggish processes and get stuck ‘somewhere’ in the...     

Explaining different types of computer use among primary school teachers

In order to identify differences in determinants of supportive and class use of computers, path modelling was applied in a sample of 468 primary school teachers. Independent variables were categorised in three levels: demographics (age and gender), computer experience (computer training, computer experience expressed over time, intensity of computer use), and attitude measures (general computer attitudes, attitudes toward computers in education, and technological innovativeness). Supportive and class use of computers are not related to the same set of variables. Supportive computer use was mainly predicted by computer experience variables and general computer attitudes. Strongest predictors of class use were technological innovativeness and gender. Yet, the degree of explained variance for class use of computer was considerably lower compared to supportive computer use. These results indicate the limitations of explaining complex forms of professional computer use on the basis of both individual determinants and quantitative models. The article concludes with some practical implications and recommendations for further research.     

早期福鼎话的两类撮口呼

多数闽东话都有撮口呼音类,只有福安话、福鼎话例外。有人据此认为原始闽语没有撮口呼音类。本文通过闽语内部比较,证实早期福鼎话曾经存在两个层次的撮口呼。     

The effects of stimulus similarity on different types of behavioral contrast

Pigeons were trained on multiple schedules with component stimuli of different degrees of similarity. In Experiment 1, a two-component schedule was used in which the two stimuli were either two line orientations or a line orientation versus a diffuse color. Reinforcement rate was varied in one component to determine the effects of stimulus similarity on different aspects of behavioral contrast. Contrast in terms of average response rates (molar contrast) was larger with less similar stimuli. Local contrast effects at the beginning of the component were larger for more similar stimuli, but these effects were more variable and did not attain statistical significance. Independent of the level of molar contrast, the local pattern of schedule interaction differed for the two levels of similarity: with more similar stimuli, the maximum degree of interaction occurred at the beginning of the components and then decreased; with less similar stimuli, the degree of interaction increased throughout the components and was at its maximum near their end. In Experiment 2, the same three stimuli were used while reinforcement rate in the middle component of a three-component sequence was varied; this isolated the effects of the preceding schedule from those of the following schedule. Contrast effects were generally greater in the target component preceding the variable schedule, and these were enhanced by less similar stimuli. Contrast in the target component following the variable schedule was manifested primarily in terms of the behavior at the beginning of the component, and these effects were inconsistently related to stimulus similarity. The functional separation of the effects of stimulus similarity on the different locations of contrast suggest that “anticipatory contrast” and “local contrast” depend upon different mechanisms, thus excluding any account of contrast solely in terms of relative rate of reinforcement.