休闲教育及休闲体育建设

人类需要休闲,休闲是人类生命活力的释放与真实的回归,是困惑的摆脱和对生活的创造。同时休闲也需要教育,通过教育而获得休闲能力的人能够感受到更多的快乐和幸福。作为休闲生活重要部分的休闲体育不仅是休闲教育的结果,更是休闲教育的提升。休闲体育的建设应加强理论研究,将其纳入教育体系,构建中国特色的休闲体育制度。     

Time – motion analysis of professional rugby union players during match-play

Abstract

The aim of this study was to quantify the movement patterns of various playing positions during professional rugby union match-play, such that the relative importance of aerobic and anaerobic energy pathways to performance could be estimated. Video analysis was conducted of individual players (n=29) from the Otago Highlanders during six “Super 12” representative fixtures. Each movement was coded as one of six speeds of locomotion (standing still, walking, jogging, cruising, sprinting, and utility), three states of non-running intensive exertion (rucking/mauling, tackling, and scrummaging), and three discrete activities (kicking, jumping, passing). The results indicated significant demands on all energy systems in all playing positions, yet implied a greater reliance on anaerobic glycolytic metabolism in forwards, due primarily to their regular involvement in non-running intense activities such as rucking, mauling, scrummaging, and tackling. Positional group comparisons indicated that while the greatest differences existed between forwards and backs, each positional group had its own unique demands. Front row forwards were mostly involved in activities involving gaining/retaining possession, back row forwards tended to play more of a pseudo back-line role, performing less rucking/mauling than front row forwards, yet being more involved in aspects of broken play such as sprinting and tackling. While outside backs tended to specialize in the running aspects of play, inside backs tended to show greater involvement in confrontational aspects of play such as rucking/mauling and tackling. These results suggest that rugby training and fitness testing should be tailored specifically to positional groups rather than simply differentiating between forwards and backs.     

休闲体育三论--兼论中国当前休闲体育的几种倾向

以政治学观点思考休闲体育，可以看出是群体控制与个体自由的矛盾在左右着休闲体育的前提；以经济学理论探讨休闲体育，不难发现是物质生产与精神消费的矛盾在支配着休闲体育的方式；以文化学方法审视休闲体育，能够证明的是功利追求与意义探索的目标在影响着休闲体育的方向。阐释中国当前休闲体育的几个倾向，将深化对休闲体育本质的认识。     

休闲体育参加者的休闲动机与主观幸福感的关系

采用"休闲动机"、"畅"、"休闲满意度"、"主观幸福感"调查问卷,运用项目分析、因子分析、相关关系分析和构建结构方程模型的方法,对中国图们江区域休闲体育参加者的休闲动机、"畅"、休闲满意度、主观幸福感进行相关关系分析、回归路径分析、验证结构模型验证。首先,通过对各变量之间的因子分析,对未能满足要求的题项进行删除,最终构成其基本框架;其次,休闲动机除情感之间的一些变量并不存在显著的正相关关系外,与"畅"、休闲满意度、生活满意度均存在着显著的正相关关系。"畅"与休闲满意度和生活满意度、生活满意度与休闲满意度各因子之间也存在正相关关系。再次,休闲动机与"畅"、休闲满意度、主观幸福感均具有显著的相互预测作用;"畅"与休闲满意度、主观幸福感也存在显著的相互预测作用;休闲满意度中环境、社会、心理等满意度均与主观幸福感存在显著的相互预测作用,但其余指标均没有直接预测作用。最后,有效验证了中国图们江区域休闲体育参加者的休闲动机与主观幸福感的关系。经过多次模型修正,得到休闲体育参加者的休闲动机与主观幸福感的关系最终模型。     

运动承诺理论及相关研究综述

承诺是用于表示促使人们坚持某种行为的动机力量的一个术语。由于运动行为坚持对运动成就和锻炼效果的重要性,运动承诺的研究正逐渐成为运动和锻炼心理学的前沿。对运动承诺理论的相关研究进行了回顾和讨论,提出了进一步研究的建议,希望能为锻炼坚持和退出现象的研究以及采用这一理论来指导实践工作提供参考。     

Systematic review of the acute and chronic effects of high-intensity interval training on executive function across the lifespan

ABSTRACT

Research regarding the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on executive function has grown exponentially in recent years. However, there has been no comprehensive review of the current state of literature. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review is to summarize previous research regarding the acute and chronic effects of HIIT on executive function across the lifespan and highlight future research directions. The results indicated that acute bouts of HIIT has a positive effect on inhibition in children/adolescents and adults, and further that chronic HIIT benefits inhibition and working memory in children. More research employing chronic interventions, focusing on middle-aged and older adults, and examining the effects on the working memory and cognitive flexibility domains of executive function are needed. Future research should also focus on a) the use of stronger research designs, b) the effects of HIIT dosage/modality, c) consideration of individual differences, d) possible underlying mechanisms, and e) examining the feasibility of translating HIIT to real-word settings.     

不同训练强度对间歇性缺氧大鼠骨骼肌NO和NOS的影响

利用低氧舱技术模拟“高住低练”环境,观察间歇性缺氧条件和两种不同运动训练强度对骨骼肌NO和NOS的共同作用效应。SD雄性大鼠50只,随机分为6组:(1)常氧对照组(NC),(2)常氧低强度运动组(NEL),(3)常氧高强度运动组(NEH),(4)低氧对照组(HC),(5)低氧低强度运动组(HEL),(6)低氧高强度运动组(HEH)。低氧组每日20时至次日8时置于低氧舱中,其余时间置于常氧环境下。低氧舱氧浓度控制在14.7%,相当于海拔高度大约2800米。运动组每天在常氧环境中进行30分钟跑台训练,速度定为26.8米/分钟,低强度运动组坡度0度,高强度运动组坡度15度。9周后各组大鼠于安静状态进行宰杀,取股四头肌,匀浆进行NO含量和NOS活性检测。结果显示:常氧高强度运动组股四头肌NO水平与常氧对照组相比呈升高趋势并接近显著性水平(p=0.052)。低氧低运动强度组NO显著高于其他组,NOS变化组间比较均未达显著性水平。说明常氧条件下,高强度运动强度才能使NO释放增加。而在间歇性缺氧条件下,较低强度运动即可使NO释放明显增加。提示间歇性缺氧条件可使引起NO释放的运动强度阈值下降。     

陕西省农民体育的现状

采用文献法、问卷法、访问法等研究方法,全面分析了陕西省农民体育的现状,为研究我国农村体育和广泛开展农民健身活动提供参考。     

世界大众体育大会的演进及启示

通过文献资料、专家访谈、历史分析等方法,对国际大众体育兴起的社会背景进行深入分析。在此基础上分析并阐述了国际奥委会为推进大众体育在全球的开展,在国际奥委会中设立了大众体育委员会专门机构,考察了世界大众体育大会及世界大众体育运动会的创立和发展,并对世界大众体育大会对国际大众体育的影响进行回顾。最后,以历届世界大众体育大会的主题为线索,探寻促进我国大众体育发展的科学路径。     

体育锻炼积极情绪体验及锻炼行为坚持性与再归因训练

从体育教学的角度，对学生运动归因方式与体育活动情感、体育锻炼行为坚持性的关系做了多维分析考察，提出通过再归因训练克服体育活动中的消极情绪，在体育教学中促进坚持体育锻炼行为的设想及具体措施。     

中外优秀女子运动员自由体操比赛中技巧动作的比较研究

以第35届世锦赛和九运会女子自由体操决赛的16名运动员为对象，对其成套动作进行了比较研究。结果表明：中外优秀运动员在成套动作的难度和最后成绩上无显著差异，但在动作类型的选用与组合方式以及完成动作的质量等方面有显著性差异，国外运动员以后空翻转体连接前空翻的组合为主，显示出多样化特征，且完成质量较高，值得我们学习、借鉴。     

Cardiorespiratory and perceptual responses of two interval training and a continuous training protocol in healthy young men

High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) can be performed with different effort to rest time-configurations, and this can largely influence training responses. The purpose of the study was to compare the acute physiological responses of two HIIT and one moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) protocol in young men. A randomised cross-over study with 10 men [age, 28.3?±?5.5years; weight, 77.3?±?9.3?kg; height, 1.8?±?0.1?m; peak oxygen consumption (VO₂peak), 44?±?11?mL.kg^?1.min^?1]. Participants performed a cardiorespiratory test on a treadmill to assess VO₂peak, velocity associated with VO₂peak (vVO₂peak), peak heart rate (HRpeak) and perceived exertion (RPE). Then participants performed three protocols equated by distance: Short HIIT (29 bouts of 30s at vVO₂peak, interspersed by 30s of passive recovery, 29?min in total), Long HIIT (3 bouts of 4?min at 90% of vVO₂peak, interspersed by 3?min of recovery at 60% of vVO₂peak, 21?min in total) and MICT (21?min at 70% of vVO₂peak). The protocols were performed in a randomised order with ≥48 h between them. VO₂, HRpeak and RPE were compared. VO₂peak in Long HIIT was significantly higher than Short HIIT and MICT (43?±?11 vs 32?±?8 and 37?±?8?mL.kg^?1.min^?1, respectively, P?P?P?2, HR and RPE than Short HIIT and MICT, suggesting a higher demand on the cardiorespiratory system. Short HIIT and MICT presented similar physiologic and perceptual responses, despite Short HIIT being performed at higher velocities.     

北京奥运会女子自由体操比赛特点分析

以第39和40两届世界体操锦标赛的女运动员为研究对象,对北京奥运会女子自由体操比赛特点进行分析研究。结果显示：成套动作的难度（A分）平均为6．2分,最高为6．5分,继续发展动作难度的空间较小;每套动作平均包括4个高难度技巧（串）动作,其中单个技巧动作的难度略有增加,而技巧串动作难度接近持平;裁判对动作质量要求更加严格,只有提高完成动作的规格标准和稳定性,才能获得优异成绩。     

世界男子自由体操的发展及中外运动员比较

以参加第35届世界体操锦标赛和九运会体操决赛男子自由体操的运动员为研究对象，对新规则实施后世界男子自由体操的发展和中外运动员的水平作了对比研究，结果表明：动作难度的发展主要表现在动作连接的难度提高；空翻连续的方向正向以前空翻及其转体为主的趋势发展，中外运动员的动作起评分，完成动作的质量和整体水平等均无显差异，提高整套动作成绩的关键是提高连接动作的质量。     

大鼠间歇训练对海马c—fos蛋白表达的影响

为了观察大鼠间歇训练对海马c—fos蛋白表达的影响。将雄性SD大鼠30只,随机分为对照组（5只）、间歇训练组（25只）。建立大鼠间歇游泳训练模型,采用ABC免疫组织化学法,观察大鼠海马c—fos阳性神经元细胞表达的变化（即c-fos蛋白表达变化）,并用图像分析系统和统计学软件进行图像和数据分析。结果表明：训练后大鼠海马不同区域c-fos阳性细胞表达密度明显增高,与对照组相比均有显著性差异（P〈0．01）;CA2区c-fos阳性细胞表达迅速而明显,训练后0．5h即达峰值,而后回落;CA3区c—fos阳性细胞表达最为密集,训练后1h达到高峰,而后快速回落;CA1区c-fos阳性细胞表达相对较少,1h达到高峰,而后缓慢下降。结论：大鼠间歇训练对海马不同区域c—fos蛋白表达有影响,具有时效性;海马不同区域c—fos蛋白表达在密度、时相上存在明显差异,这可能与海马不同区域对缺血、缺氧的耐受能力有关。     

The effects of combined glucose-electrolyte and sodium bicarbonate ingestion on prolonged intermittent exercise performance

Abstract

This study examined the effects of combined glucose and sodium bicarbonate ingestion prior to intermittent exercise. Ninemales (mean ± s age 25.4 ± 6.6 years, body mass 78.8 ± 12.0 kg, maximal oxygen uptake ([Vdot]O_2max) 47.0 ± 7ml · kg · min^?1) undertook 4 × 45 min intermittent cycling trials including 15 × 10 s sprints one hour after ingesting placebo (PLA), glucose (CHO), sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) or a combined CHO and NaHCO₃ solution (COMB). Post ingestion blood pH (7.45 ± 0.03, 7.46 ± 0.03, 7.32 ± 0.05, 7.32 ± 0.01) and bicarbonate (30.3 ± 2.1, 30.7 ± 1.8, 24.2 ± 1.2, 24.0 ± 1.8 mmol · l^?1) were greater for NaHCO₃ and COMB when compared to PLA and CHO, remaining elevated throughout exercise (main effect for trial; P < 0.05). Blood lactate concentration was greatest throughout exercise for NaHCO₃ and COMB (main effect for trial; P < 0.05). Blood glucose concentration was greatest 15 min post-ingestion for CHO followed by COMB, NaHCO₃ and PLA (7.13 ± 0.60, 5.58 ± 0.75, 4.51 ± 0.56, 4.46 ± 0.59 mmol · l^?1, respectively; P < 0.05). Gastrointestinal distress was lower during COMB compared to NaHCO₃ at 15 min post-ingestion (P < 0.05). No differences were observed for sprint performance between trials (P = 1.00). The results of this study suggest that a combined CHO and NaHCO₃ beverage reduced gastrointestinal distress and CHO availability but did not improve performance. Although there was no effect on performance an investigation of the effects in more highly trained individuals may be warranted.     

人参属植物及其产品在运动科学领域的应用进展

人参属植物及相关产品在我国被广泛应用于竞体体育领域,主要针对运动性疲劳和运动能力的恢复,涉及改善剧烈训练后的免疫抑制,提高长时间运动中的能量代谢速率,促进肌肉修复与持续工作能力。将来该领域的研究需要在无违禁成分和毒副作用的前提下,明确有效成分和剂量,完善试验设计,着重选择运动员群体,尤其是精英级运动员进行功效验证。