A survey of literature on the history of sport in Britain

Truistically, sport reflects political, ideological, economic, social and religious precepts and practices. Anthropologists, sociologists and historians for some time have produced a growing body of knowledge on sport, indicating that it can be studied from various disciplinary perspectives and shed light on issues ranging from social class conflict and gender inequalities, to nationalism and colonialism. [1 [1] Cashmore, Making Sense of Sports; Jarvie and Maguire, Sport and Leisure. ] Within the Jewish community of British-ruled Palestine, the conflict between the religious Judaic commandment on refraining from any work and the playing of sport on the Sabbath, the Jewish day of rest, became a public issue. This paper describes the conflict over sport on the Sabbath in Jewish Palestine in the 1920s and 1930s in two specific settlements. This conflict offers evidence of a historical approach from which to view broader historical phenomena, including ideological disagreement regarding the role of religion in modern Jewish nationalism, muscular Christian legacies and anti-imperial assertion.     

Dissertations on the history of sport

Among the Greeks of antiquity, the mesomorphic male form had been accorded high status. Two approaches inform the modern world's thinking about ‘the body’ – that which predominates in the biological sciences (the body is a ‘machine’ that is governed by the laws of physics and chemistry) and that which has been receiving intense attention from scholars in the social sciences and humanities (the body is substantially a neutral surface upon which social and cultural values are imprinted). What occurs deep within the body's structures is immensely important but it is anatomical form that commands our attention. The mesomorphic forms that presently pervade the media insistently proclaim that muscularity defines what it is ‘to be a man’. This is by no means the first time that such a message has been heard in the modern world. Among the better educated, by the 1860s the icon of the well-muscled male – and all that this implied – was rapidly replacing the eighteenth-century ideal of manliness as one of proper stances, gestures and countenance. This found particularly powerful expression in new forms of athletics and the concept of ‘athleticism’ that emerged first in England and quickly made its way across the Atlantic, where it became linked to the rising interest in anthropometry and a host of contemporary values. Not everyone agreed, however, that athletics were beneficial; or that the tape measure and dynamometer alone could ‘take a man's measure’. This paper examines the complex matter of the reassertion of the mesomorphic male body in Britain and America from the mid-1800s to the early 1900s – about not only its physical configuration but what was inferred from and about gross anatomical form.     

英国竞技体育振兴之路探究

现代英国建立于1801年,是一个酷爱体育运动的国家,是世界上最先进行产业革命的国家,产业革命给英国带来了巨大的财富,但是,产业革命后英国政府和人民重视大众体育而忽视竞技体育,联盟下各地区缺乏统一,致使英国竞技体育难以发展.其后,国内政治斗争、经济危机和二次世界大战使英国竞技体育停滞不前.当代国际竞技体育的发展和竞技体育本身的政治、经济价值激励英国进行竞技体育体制改革,加大投资,系统训练,研究竞赛环境、天气、饮食和时差,积极备战,使竞技体育逐渐走出低谷,在北京奥运会上取得了好的成绩.     

Effects of contact/collision sport history on gait in early- to mid-adulthood

BackgroundTo determine the effect of contact/collision sport participation on measures of single-task (ST) and dual-task (DT) gait among early- to middle-aged adults.MethodsThe study recruited 113 adults (34.88 ± 11.80 years, (mean ± SD); 53.0% female) representing 4 groups. Groups included (a) former non-contact/collision athletes and non-athletes who are not physically active (n = 28); (b) former non-contact/collision athletes who are physically active (n = 29); (c) former contact/collision sport athletes who participated in high-risk sports and are physically active (n = 29); and (d) former rugby players with prolonged repetitive head impact exposure history who are physically active (n = 27). Gait parameters were collected using inertial measurement units during ST and DT gait. DT cost was calculated for all gait parameters (double support, gait speed, and stride length). Groups were compared first using one-way analysis of covariance. Then a multiple regression was performed for participants in the high-risk sport athletes and repetitive head impact exposure athletes groups only to predict gait outcomes from contact/collision sport career duration.ResultsThere were no significant differences between groups on any ST, DT, or DT cost outcomes (p > 0.05). Contact/collision sport duration did not predict any ST, DT, or DT cost gait outcomes.ConclusionYears and history of contact/collision sport participation does not appear to negatively affect or predict neurobehavioral function in early- to mid-adulthood among physically active individuals.     

英国和欧洲大众体育哲学思想的变迁

大众体育作为一个口号有着相当长的历史。例如，Stephan Wassong指出，尽管国际奥林匹克委员会直到1983年才成立了用于宣传“大众体育”的正式工作组织，但早在20世纪二三十年代，这项工作就已经开展起来了。在欧洲，大众体育的流行得益于欧洲理事会1976年制定的欧洲大众体育宪章；而英同则得益于二战后不断成熟的国家福利政策。1975年，英国政府出台了第一部关于体育（更准确的说是关于体育与休闲）的白皮书。该文件宣布，体育运动是社区日常必备的服务，同时也是社会服务体系中的一个基本构成。因此，到了20世纪70年代，政府福利系统被认为是提供体育设施以满足大众体育需求的权威机构。体育服务也成为大众能够普遍享用的权利。