理科教师科学本质观调查研究

帮助学生适当理解科学本质观是科学教育的重要目标之一,也是培养学生科学素养的核心成分之一。教师具有理想的科学本质观是实现这一目标的必要条件。本研究的目的是了解理科教师的科学本质观现状,调查对象是51位初中理科教师,调查工具是含有9个开放式项目的问卷。调查表明,理科教师的科学本质观基本处于较为朴素的水平。论文对理科教师科学本质观现状从文化根源的角度进行了反思,提出了理科教师科学本质观发展的一些建议。     

Two Views About Explicitly Teaching Nature of Science

Our focus is on the effects that dated ideas about the nature of science (NOS) have on curriculum, instruction and assessments. First we examine historical developments in teaching about NOS, beginning with the seminal ideas of James Conant. Next we provide an overview of recent developments in philosophy and cognitive sciences that have shifted NOS characterizations away from general heuristic principles toward cognitive and social elements. Next, we analyze two alternative views regarding ‘explicitly teaching’ NOS in pre-college programs. Version 1 is grounded in teachers presenting ‘Consensus-based Heuristic Principles’ in science lessons and activities. Version 2 is grounded in learners experience of ‘Building and Refining Model-Based Scientific Practices’ in critique and communication enactments that occur in longer immersion units and learning progressions. We argue that Version 2 is to be preferred over Version 1 because it develops the critical epistemic cognitive and social practices that scientists and science learners use when (1) developing and evaluating scientific evidence, explanations and knowledge and (2) critiquing and communicating scientific ideas and information; thereby promoting science literacy.     

If We Teach Them, They Can Learn: Young Students Views of Nature of Science During an Informal Science Education Program

There have been substantial reform efforts in science education to improve students’ understandings of science and its processes and provide continual support for students becoming scientifically literate (AAAS, Benchmarks for science literacy, Oxford University Press, New York, 1993; NRC, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1996; NSTA, NSTA position statement: The nature of science, , 2000). Despite previous research, it is still unclear whether young children are actually developmentally ready to conceptualize the ideas that are recommended in the reforms (Akerson and Volrich, J Res Sci Teach 43:377–394, 2006). The purpose of this study was to explore how explicit-reflective instruction could improve young students’ understanding of NOS. During an informal education setting, the authors taught NOS aspects using explicit-reflective instruction. Overall the students participating in the program improved their understanding of the target aspects of NOS through use of explicit reflective instruction. However, the levels of improvement varied across different aspects. Students improved the most in their understanding of the tentative nature of science and the roles of observation in scientific work, although there was still some confusion regarding the distinction between observation and inference. More work needs to be done exploring these specific topics and the role explicit reflective practice can play in identifying the particular problems students have in distinguishing these constructs.     

The Impact of a Course on Nature of Science Pedagogical Views and Rationales

This study explored changes in preservice teachers’ (PSTs) nature of science pedagogical (NOSP) views and nature of science (NOS) rationales using pre- and post-course written responses as well as interview data. Through systematic analysis, themes were generated and compared to the NOS literature. Comparisons between pre- and post-course data demonstrate improved and deepened NOS views, NOSP views that are more aligned with NOS literature, and a greater number of rationales for including NOS. All participants were enrolled in the “Inquiry and Natures of Science, Technology, and Engineering” (INSTE) course. However, six participants were enrolled in INSTE as their first course in which NOS and NOSP were addressed. The other six participants were enrolled in INSTE as their second course in which NOS and NOSP were addressed, with science methods as their first course in which NOS and NOSP were addressed. By comparing participants enrolled in INSTE as their first course to those enrolled in INSTE as their second course, we observed that NOS understanding seemed to develop in a first experience alongside some NOS rationales, but NOSP views lagged for participants in INSTE as their first course. Participants enrolled in INSTE as their second course developed more robust and literature-aligned NOSP views and more multifaceted NOS rationales. Therefore, this study bolsters arguments that teachers need to receive extended NOS and NOSP instruction.     

幼儿教师科学本质观的调查研究

理解科学本质是科学教育的重要理念,教师对科学本质的认识深刻影响着科学教育的效果。本研究对北京市215位幼儿教师进行了问卷调查,并结合访谈和观察结果,对其科学本质观的水平、特征和类型进行了分析。研究发现:幼儿教师对科学本质的理解普遍不足,近85%的教师的科学本质观处于中等及中等以下水平,仅有1%的教师对科学本质具有良好的理解。当前,73. 4%的幼儿教师持有传统朴素型的科学本质观,教师对科学本质的理解具有零散性、内隐性与模糊性的特点,与其教育实践间存在矛盾。     

Comparison of Views of the Nature of Science between Natural Science and Nonscience Majors

Science educators have the common goal of helping students develop scientific literacy, including understanding of the nature of science (NOS). University faculties are challenged with the need to develop informed NOS views in several major student subpopulations, including science majors and nonscience majors. Research into NOS views of undergraduates, particularly science majors, has been limited. In this study, NOS views of undergraduates in introductory environmental science and upper-level animal behavior courses were measured using Likert items and open-ended prompts. Analysis revealed similarities in students'' views between the two courses; both populations held a mix of naïve, transitional, and moderately informed views. Comparison of pre- and postcourse mean scores revealed significant changes in NOS views only in select aspects of NOS. Student scores on sections addressing six aspects of NOS were significantly different in most cases, showing notably uninformed views of the distinctions between scientific theories and laws. Evidence-based insight into student NOS views can aid in reforming undergraduate science courses and will add to faculty and researcher understanding of the impressions of science held by undergraduates, helping educators improve scientific literacy in future scientists and diverse college graduates.     

杜威与施瓦布的科学本质观与科学教育观比较

文章从社会学视角比较分析了杜威与施瓦布在科学本质观上的异同及成因。以及二者为把相应科学本质观传达给学生,而提出的改革课程与教学的主张,并在此基础上探讨了他们对如何看待科学本质,以及对我国j前课程改革的启示。     

西方科学课程的历史考察

科学观、教育观、课程观是科学课程范式的基本内核,它们的演进构成了科学课程嬗变的深层原因。据此,可以将科学课程发展的基本历程划分为“合法化”、“活动化”、“结构化”和“综合化”四个阶段。这有助于我们深入考察和分析不同时期科学课程所隐含的科学观、目的观、形态观、习得观,进而明确科学课程的发展走向。     

If We Teach Them, They Can Learn: Young Students Views of Nature of Science Aspects to Early Elementary Students During an Informal Science Education Program

There have been substantial reform efforts in science education to improve students’ understandings of science and its processes and provide continual support for students becoming scientifically literate (American Association for the Advancement of Science in Benchmarks for science literacy, Oxford University Press, New York, 1993; National Research Council in Mathematics and science education around the world, National Academy Press, Washington DC, 1996; National Science Teachers Association in NSTA position statement 2000). Despite previous research, it is still unclear whether young children are actually developmentally ready to conceptualize the ideas that are recommended in the reforms (Akerson V, Volrich M (2006) Journal of Research and Science Teaching, 43, 377–394). The purpose of this study was to explore how explicit-reflective instruction could improve young students’ understanding of NOS. During an informal education setting, the authors taught NOS aspects using explicit-reflective instruction. Overall the students participating in the program improved their understanding of the target aspects of NOS through use of explicit reflective instruction. However, the levels of improvement varied across different aspects. Students improved the most in their understanding of the tentative nature of science and the roles of observation in scientific work, although there was still some confusion regarding the distinction between observation and inference. More work needs to be done exploring these specific topics and the role explicit reflective practice can play in identifying the particular problems students have in distinguishing these constructs.     

Extending the Utility of the Views of Nature of Science Assessment through Epistemic Network Analysis

Science & Education - An understanding of how science is enacted and how scientific knowledge is generated, or the nature of science (NOS), is a major goal of science education. NOS views have...     

Nature of Science in School Science Textbooks

Science & Education -     

科学的本性

科学是人类认识世界的一种有效方式 ,它以个别存在物为直接对象 ,以存在物的一般存在状态为目标 ,借助科学假设及其验证等方法跨越经验对象和超验目标之间的鸿沟 ,获得对对象的认识。通过对科学认识一般过程和方法的考察证明 ,科学是基于经验而超越经验的 ,是一种经验的超验方式和途径。     

试论国家安全学的对象、任务和学科性质

国家安全学是一门新兴的综合性实用型政治科学。它的研究对象包括国家安全本身、影响国家安全的因素、危害国家安全的因素、国家安全保障体系及活动四个方面。它的基本任务是全方位、系统性地研究和探讨国家安全及其相关对象的客观状态、本质、规律，探寻合理的国家安全观和国家安全战略，服务和指导国家安全活动。     

Contradictory Views of the Nature of Science Held by a Brazilian Secondary School Physics Teacher: Educational Value of Interviews

This paper discusses the bases of a secondary physics teacher’s contradictory conceptions of the nature of science. The data were obtained from a series of four interviews and three months of classroom observation. One of the interviews, a group interview (having as interviewees the subject of this study and four other experienced physics’ teachers), has been shown to be a very powerful way of challenging the teacher’s views, of making him reflect about his ideas, and at the same time of reducing the risk of the interviewer suggesting particular ideas. An analogy to Piaget’s (1929) early methodology supplied a framework with which to categorise the interviewee’s replies. This categorisation has provided information about the bases that underpin the teacher’s different and conflicting views on the nature of science. Résumé Cet article analyse les fondements des conceptions contradictoires d’un professeur de physique de Iycée sur la nature de la science. Les donn?es ont été tirées d’une série de quatre entretiens et de trois mois d’observation en classe. L’un des modes d’entretiens, celui en groupe, au cours duquel les questions ont été posées au professeur sujet de cette étude ainsi qu’à quatre autres professeurs de physique expérimentés, s’est révélé être un moyen très puissant de remettre en question les opinions du professeur, de le faire réfléchir sur ses idées et, en même temps, de réduire le risque lié au fait que celui qui mène l’entretien peut induire des biais. Une analogie avec une des premières méthodologies de Piaget (1929) a permis d’établir une grille qui a servi à classer les réponses des professeurs. Cette classification a fourni des informations qui sont à la base des différences et des contradictions de vue des enseignants sur la nature de la science.     

Nature of Science and Nature of Scientists

Science & Education - The past decade has seen multiple debates and discussions over the appropriate framing of Nature of Science (NOS) for science education. These debates have stemmed from a...     

Towards a Refined Depiction of Nature of Science

Science & Education - This study considers the short list of Nature of Science (NOS) features frequently published and widely known in the science education discourse. It is argued that these...     

Strategies and Activities for Initiating and Maintaining Pressure on Students' Naive Views Concerning the Nature of Science

Many science teachers devote a portion of their course to improving students' understanding of the nature of science. However, despite a one- or two-week effort, students often cling to their misconceptions. This tenacity is not surprising in light of conceptual change theory. How then are teachers to facilitate more contemporary portrayals of the nature of science? The key is to maintain in students a sense of dissatisfaction with their archaic notions of the nature of science. Drawing from my recent six year experience teaching high school biology and chemistry, this paper provides examples of how science teachers might initiate and maintain pressure on students' misconceptions regarding the nature of science, and facilitate student consideration of more contemporary views.     

论后现代科学观

后现代科学观大致可分为解构型后现代科学观和建构型后现代科学观.作为对现代科学观的颠覆和超越,解构型后现代科学观消解科学的客观性和经验基础,告别理性,解构宏大叙事;建构型后现代科学观重构科学客观性,拓展经验内涵,重构理性以及科学的文化典范.后现代科学观凸显了科学的人文性,但蕴含的相对主义和虚无主义又危及科学与人文的和谐发展.当代科学观的重建,应批判性地汲取后现代科学观的合理思想,而不应盲目追随其相对主义和虚无主义的道路.