Sport team personality: It’s not all about winning!

As there is still no commonly accepted scale to measure the brand personality of sport teams, the purpose of this study was to develop and validate the Sport Team Personality Scale (STPS) in a professional sport context. The authors conducted a series of studies in the United States and United Kingdom with fans of the English Premier League, Major League Baseball, the National Basketball Association, the National Football League, and the National Hockey League. The STPS contains 18 items that load onto six factors: success, talent, entertainment, dedication, admiration, and care. The authors compared this new scale with existing sport team personality scales and used it to explore team identification and perceptual similarities and differences among teams. Results indicate that teams map along performance (i.e., success and talent) and character (i.e., admiration and care) factors and that the character factor is a more important source of team identification than the performance factor. Taken together, these results illustrate how the STPS can help sport managers position and differentiate teams within a league to improve marketing outcomes.     

论时尚体育的价值

时尚体育是一种新兴的社会生活方式。它不但对健身人群的身、心、群有很好的促进作用,而且对发展群众体育也起到了良性的引导作用。本文通过对时尚体育的概述,阐述了时尚体育对群众体育的功效,并通过时尚体育的功效论述了其对群众体育的积极引领作用。     

Community-oriented practice: Examining corporate social responsibility and development activities in professional sport

Professional sport teams are increasingly engaging in activities that target community development agendas. Previous researchers have examined why teams engage in such activities and the value they derive from a corporate social responsibility (CSR) perspective; however, an understanding of the nature and focus of such activities is only beginning to emerge and further research attention is necessary. To address this gap, the authors draw on both CSR and sport-for-development (SFD) literature to examine community activities undertaken by professional sport teams. An exploratory case study methodology was employed, using a multi-case design to examine the activities of 70 professional sport teams across the commercially dominant league in each of three regions (Australia, the UK, and the US). A total of 1243 initiatives were recorded and analysed to build a profile of the nature and focus of the community activities undertaken. These were classified into 14 specific categories and analysis identified three core groups of activities: giving, activating and capacity building. Teams primarily targeted health and education agendas; however, differences were observed across regions. Teams in the US engaged more heavily in giving activities, whereas teams in the UK more commonly engaged in capacity-building activities. Variations were also observed with respect to target agenda, demonstrating differences within practices across regions. The authors propose community-oriented practices as a concept to describe the community-focused activities undertaken by professional sport teams at the intersection of CSR and SFD, and a working definition of this concept is offered.     

Establishing a professional Rugby Union Football League in the USA: Managing institutional pluralism in sport entrepreneurship

Given the growth of sport leagues globally, we sought to understand how sport entrepreneurs addressed institutional plurality as they worked to establish a new professional sport league in the USA. Drawing on institutional pluralism, we critically examine two efforts to establish professional rugby union football leagues in the USA. Pluralism resulted in tensions among rugby stakeholders. While both leagues sought to reconcile tensions through institutional infrastructure work, one of the leagues garnered more stakeholder support as it was attentive to more institutional contexts. The other league’s infrastructure work was limited and resulted in the alienation of many important rugby stakeholders. Our research demonstrates the theoretical and practical importance of institutional infrastructure work within sport entrepreneurship, especially when navigating institutional pluralism.     

我国体育健康促进研究述评

体育作为促进人类健康的一种方式已得到各界的广泛认同.体育健康促进已成为一个明确概念.我国学界对体育健康促进的研究主要集中在对体育健康促进概念,体育对体质健康、心理健康和社会适应效果的评价,实施体育健康促进的策略等方面.通过梳理我国体育健康促进的相关研究成果,分析现有研究成果的不足,为进一步推进体育健康促进研究提供参考借鉴.最后,提出要进一步加强实证研究方法运用,联合多学科领域学者合作,拓展体育健康促进的研究领域,以及进一步提升体育健康促进对策的适用性与针对性.     

LGBTQ parents’ experiences of community youth sport: Change your forms,change your (hetero) norms

This interpretive study sought to critically examine lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, or queer (LGBTQ) parents’ experiences of community organized youth sport. Using a constant comparative method of data analysis, the authors examined perspectives of participants from Australia, Canada, and the United States. Three emergent themes best reflected the parents’ experiences: (a) anticipating sexual stigma and finding accepting communities; (b) confronting assumptions of heterosexuality; and (c) educating but not flag waving. Emphasis is placed on the parents intersecting social identities and notions of privilege (e.g., socio-economic resources and the ability to live in socially progressive areas), and how it altered their experiences within the community youth sport context. The findings call attention to the responsibility of youth sport organisations to create a climate of social change through inclusive language, behaviours, and program design.     

Sport in sozialer Verantwortung

Taking responsibility and creating social justice—in view of current social developments, e.g., the implementation of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities or the influx of more than 1 million refugees in 2015—this demand is also becoming increasingly louder in the context of sport: different types of sport should help to solve social problems or to prevent social imbalances. To date, however, the assumption that sport can do justice to this task is empirically almost untenable. This article provides an introduction to modeling the topic of sport in social responsibility for the sport pedagogical discourse and presents action and research practices as well as research objectives using the example of a socially effective youth sport in school, clubs, and social work. Two research projects provide an example of the scientific contribution that sport pedagogy can make by examining approaches to sport-related social projects and their effectiveness. The evaluation of the WiO-Fit project was able to show how appropriate sport programs can “lure” socially and educationally disadvantaged youth who can be guided into appropriate coaching and counseling services, according to the individual problems outside of sports. The research results of the social project Gobox show the central role that intergenerational relationship management and language play when it comes to increasing the commitment of youth who would otherwise turn away from sports. This article not only highlights the potential of sport pedagogical research in this field, but also provides suggestions for interdisciplinary cooperation and research practice.     

Investigating the role of corporate credibility in corporate social marketing: A case study of environmental initiatives by professional sport organizations

The purpose of this study is to understand how professional sport organizations might influence consumer voluntary behavior through their corporate social marketing (CSM) initiatives by focusing on the role of corporate credibility. The study examined consumer responses to environmental initiatives by two professional sport teams, and showed that organizational and program characteristics were associated with the corporate credibility of the teams in supporting environmental protection (i.e., environmental credibility). Environmental credibility, in turn, was found to have a positive association with consumer pro-environmental behavior measured by daily recycling involvement and recycling intentions during the teams’ home games. The results further revealed that environmental credibility was more strongly associated with recycling intentions during games for respondents who were less involved in environmental issues. Together, these findings suggest that professional sport organizations can be an effective vehicle for socially beneficial behavior by increasing their credibility in CSM involvement.     

竞技体育异化原因解析

从竞技体育异化的社会结构性根源、社会心理机制、哲学性根源3个角度分析竞技体育异化的原因.指出,竞技体育异化的实质是体育人争夺奖牌所对应的社会价值排序,其目的是,使其自身在社会价值排序中处于高位,并且在具有歧视性对比特征的社会结构中具有心理优势,从而证明自身的存在价值;其心理机制是,利用社会价值排序背景下,体育人之间的心理竞争,把体育人谋求心理优势的需要,转换成为对奖牌占有的需要;其哲学性根源在于,以人的自我意识与对象意识分裂为特征的体育人的存在困境.     

高校社会体育专业实施“3＋1”教育模式探讨

通过对＂3＋1＂教育模式和高校社会体育专业人才培养目标的研究,表明高校社会体育专业实施＂3＋1＂教育模式,在学校社会体育专业的建设和发展,企事业单位群众体育开展和体育人才引进,学生实践能力培养等方面具有不可比拟的作用。因此认为,＂3＋1＂教育模式是高校社会体育专业人才培养的新选择。     

Indigenous Australian women promoting health through sport

The authors explore the sporting experiences and community strengths of Indigenous Australian women. The intention is to inform both health promotion and contemporary sport management strategies, and policies and practices, leading to better health outcomes for this cohort. The authors employ an interpretative qualitative methodology, which involves the combination of data from a range of sources, including interviews and focus groups with 22 Indigenous women living in urban and rural areas, narratives from elite Indigenous athletes and coaches, as well as findings from a recent Australian Parliamentary inquiry into Indigenous health and wellbeing. Drawing from an agency/empowerment theoretical framework, the authors posit that, given support and opportunities, Indigenous women can become empowered to improve their mental and physical health through participation in sport. Sport managers can facilitate Indigenous women's agency in the effects of colonisation, which continues to be the basis of health issues for this cohort. Listening to Indigenous women and facilitating opportunities for them to take control of their own participation can help facilitate this process. Indigenous-women's only opportunities, partnerships with health agencies and sports organisations, culturally safe spaces and Indigenous women acting as role models are some factors that may augment Indigenous women's agency, and thus empowerment. Government, sports, community organisations and health agencies which provide these conditions in their program design can help to overcome entrenched social, historical and health inequalities that Indigenous women may experience.     

竞技体育文化的社会理性互动研究

通过文献资料、问卷调查和数理统计等研究方法,了解社会大众对竞技体育文化的理性认识及认识对象之间交互作用所产生的影响。研究发现:人们重视竞技体育作为一种文化现象所蕴涵的文化教育和象征意义;将竞技体育运动看作娱乐性活动;倾向于将体育运动归为一种促进身心发展的手段。     

Leveraging spectator emotion: A review and conceptual framework for marketing health behaviors in elite sports

Elite sport provides an exciting and dynamic emotional experience for spectators. Social marketers using sport sponsorship to promote health messages are yet to consider the impact of the temporal emotional sporting context in which health messages are promoted. The authors provide a critical review of the evidence for the influence of emotion on behavior and seek to elucidate the implications for health sponsorship in sport. Articles were identified via electronic database searches and returned-article references, with thirty-three suitable articles included. Drawing on evidence from sport sponsorship, social marketing, advertising, and cause-related marketing, the review highlights few studies have investigated emotion, health communication, and behavior in a sport sponsorship context. The findings indicate that positive (e.g. happiness, compassion) and negative (e.g. fear, guilt) emotions influence intentions and behaviors with the interaction of message framing important when delivering social marketing messages. A conceptual model presents how emotions may influence behavioral health sponsorship outcomes and provides areas of future research to develop best policy and practice when delivering health sponsorship in a sporting context.     

Managerial perceptions of factors affecting the design and delivery of sport for health programs for refugee populations

Millions of refugees from the Middle East and Africa have moved to mainland Europe in recent years, where they face boredom, physical and mental health issues, and lack of social relationships. Policy makers consider sport an effective way to address these issues, but researchers have not fully considered managerial considerations in designing and delivering sport to refugees. The purpose of this study is to understand how sport managers can design and deliver sport to refugee populations in order to maximize beneficial health outcomes. The authors theoretically grounded the study in a social-ecological model, recognizing that the design, delivery, and outcomes of sport are set within constraints at multiple levels. Data were collected using a Delphi approach with a group of experts from Germany and the Netherlands. The findings indicated that the experts attributed a number of health benefits to sport programs including physical activity, diversion, stress reduction, coping, and building friendships. Benefits were more likely to occur when the sport delivery approach moved from merely increasing participation to also affecting the sport for health settings. The experts also identified a number of intrapersonal, interpersonal, organizational, and societal level factors impacting the design, delivery, and outcomes of sport for health programs which are rich in implications for sport managers and policy makers.     

农村中学生体育生活方式对身心健康的影响——以皖西北地区为例

应用心理卫生症状自评量表(SCL-90)及自编<中学生体育生活方式情况调查表>,对皖西北10县市农村中学随机抽取1825人进行问卷调查,分析了解农村中学生体育生活方式对身心健康的影响关系.结果表明:体育活动兴趣、每周活动频率、每次活动时间和运动强度对SCL-90量表诸多因子有显著影响,具备良好体育生活方式特征的学生中度及以上阳性因子检出率明显低于无良好体育生活方式的学生.身体形态、机能、素质和运动能力两组学生也有显著差异.结论:良好的体育生活方式对农村高中生的身心健康有很好的改善和促进作用.     

高校健身气功课程探析

健身气功作为一项民族传统体育项目,有着悠久的历史,具有养生、促进身心健康的功效。本文运用文献资料法等研究方法对我国高校健身气功课程建设情况进行研究分析,探析高校健身气功课程建设过程中存在的问题,并且对这些问题提出相关的建议和对策,希望能够为高校健身气功课程更加合理、科学的开设提供理论参考。     

Corporate social responsibility and environmental sustainability: Why professional sport is greening the playing field

In this study, we explore institutional forces affecting environmental sustainability in professional sport teams and leagues in North America. Interviews with sport executives and executives from partner groups, 122 websites and organizational documents, and 56 media reports were examined. Data revealed how environmental management practices are being diffused in professional sport organizations. Evidence indicated associative behavior among sport organizations with respect to environmental management. Data also illustrated that media played a role in driving and defining the type and extent of involvement in professional sport teams’ environmental sustainability efforts. We discuss environmental sustainability as it affects a team's or league's CSR related initiatives (i.e., averting legal recourse, saving money, as well as building stronger relationships with stakeholders (e.g., customers, fans, local communities, federal governments and corporate partners)), and speculate how these efforts might evolve and inform the development of environmental sustainability in organizations in the sport, service and entertainment sectors.     

身体活动水平对大学生全人健康的影响研究

为了考察性别、年级、身体活动水平与大学生全人健康各维度之间的差异性,采用问卷调查法,对1713名大学生进行问卷调查,回收有效问卷1570份,有效率为92%。使用独立样本t检验对男、女大学生进行差异分析,对不同年级的低、中、高运动强度和频率进行方差分析。结果表明:大学生的全人健康水平处于中等水平(M=2.55,SD=0.43),其中女大学生整体健康水平高于男大学生,女大学生在职业、智力、情感、精神、身体健康维度均高于男大学生,两者在财务、社会、环境健康维度无显著性差异。二年级大学生全人健康水平最高,四年级最低。身体健康和社会健康是全人健康模型中得分最高的维度。在中、高等强度身体活动水平上全人健康得分最高,低运动频率的大学生全人健康水平最高,高运动频率的大学生全人健康水平最低。由此可知,引入国外全人健康测量工具,用来评估我国大学生群体,其结果具有较高的信效度。相关变量的检定与研究假设相符,为今后进一步开展全人健康相关研究奠定了基础。     

Associations between partnership characteristics and perceived success in Dutch sport-for-health partnerships

To reach and include socially vulnerable people through sport, it is important to create partnerships between sports organisations and public health organisations (i.e., sport-for-health partnerships). Working in sport-for-health partnerships is challenging, however, and little is known about how to manage such partnerships. To explore possible predictors of successful sport-for-health partnership, the authors administered a questionnaire among 86 participants in Dutch sport-for-health partnerships. The questionnaire included measures pertaining to three indicators of successful inter-sectoral partnership (i.e., partnership synergy, partnership sustainability, and community outcomes) and nine partnership elements that may predict its success. Multivariate results suggest that (a) partnership synergy may be best predicted by communication structure and building on the partnership participants’ capacities, (b) community partnership outcomes may be best predicted by partnership visibility and task management, and (c) partnership sustainability may be best predicted by partnership visibility. Hence, the authors would recommend actors in sport-for-health partnerships to pay particular attention to communication structure, building on capacities, visibility, and task management.