Adolescent siblings in stepfamilies: functioning and adolescent adjustment. Marital satisfaction, relationships, and roles

The current study is one of the few attempts to examine the quality of marital relations in long-remarried families in diverse types of stepfamilies and compare them to long-established marriages in never-divorced families using a multimeasure, multirespondent design, which included observations. Early in a remarriage the new stepparent is often in a position of greater marginality than the biological parent is, and the marital relationship may be less central than in nonstepfamilies. Thus, the important differences between first marriages and remarriages may be in the salience rather than in the quality of the marital relationship. This will be explored as relations among family subsystems and child adjustment are examined in subsequent chapters.     

Adolescent adjustment, social systems and parental separation

The changing positions of different members of adolescent support networks are examined with respect to adolescent age (11–15) and sex, and, in particular, with respect to changes following parental separation. Older children’s reports of less parental support are consistent with expectations of diminishing attachment. However, the relative importance of same sex friends for provision of support for girls, in comparison to boys, suggests more flexibility in the sense of their being less tied to parents for support. The comparison between children from different family types revealed no differences in respect of relations with same sex or opposite sex friends. Hence, no compensation or spill over from parental separation was evident. However, there was a clear system effect in that children from divorcing families that lived with their mother provided relatively more support for mother, and also reported less acceptance from their fathers in comparison to those children where no parental separation had taken place. Their adjustment will depend, at least in part, on the functioning of their broader social networks.     

Narcissism and adjustment in preadolescence

Narcissism-a strong need to be admired for a grandiose self-is a problematic personality trait for children as well as adults. This study of 236 preadolescents (M age = 11.3 years; 129 girls, 107 boys) evaluated 2 intrapersonal (cognitive) pathways by which narcissism might contribute to maladjustment. The first was that narcissism combines with salient self-serving gender stereotypes to encourage aggressive and selfish behavior. The second was that narcissism places children who perceive that they are failing to realize their grandiose self at risk for aggression and depression. Although concurrent-correlational, the data support the pathways, illuminate the content and dynamics of narcissistic children's minds, and suggest directions for future investigation.     

间接分组平差中多组平差原理及应用

研究了间接分组平差中两组平差和多组平差的推算原理及方法.即先对第一组单独平差,然后再利用第一组的平差结果和第二组观测值一起平差,使得到的结果与整体平差结果一致.获得了验后单位权方差估值,平差结果的协因数阵及未知数函数的权倒数,并举例说明该方法的应用.     

Parent and Adolescent Perceptions of Parental Monitoring and Adolescent Risk Involvement

Objective. To compare parent and youth reports of the extent to which parents monitor their adolescents and to determine whether parents' perceptions of parental monitoring are more predictive of adolescent risk behavior. Design. Data were obtained from a cross-sectional sample of 270 parent - adolescent dyads recruited from rural communities in West Virginia. Parents completed a series of written questionnaires, and adolescents (12-16 years) provided information about their involvement in various risk behaviors. Results. Parent perceptions of parental monitoring efforts did not relate to adolescent perceptions of parental monitoring; parents generally perceived themselves to have more information about their adolescents' whereabouts and activities than their adolescents reported. No main effects of age or gender were found in the discrepancies between parent and adolescent monitoring reports. Adolescent reports of monitoring were negatively correlated with adolescent drinking, marijuana use, and sexual activity over the previous 6-month period. Adolescent risk behaviors were predicted by adolescent reports of parental monitoring alone. Conclusions. Parents and adolescents perceive the magnitude of parental monitoring efforts differently even when both parties perceive parents to know much about adolescent activities. Adolescents' perceptions of how much their parents know about their activities are more predictive of their own involvement in risk behaviors than their parents' perceptions about their own monitoring efforts.     

Psychodynamics in Adolescent Suicide

The article contains an analysis of underlying cognitive processes that have been found to strongly influence an individual's movement toward self-destruction. Clinical material from a discussion with several young people illustrate significant signs of suicide abuse; (3) low self-esteem-negative attitudes toward self; (4) a sense of hopelessness and despair; (5) guilt reactions and psychological pain; and (6) a progressive withdrawal from relationships and favored activities. The self-disclosures of these adolescents provide a comprehensive view of a hostile thought process or "voice" that is a fundamental part of self-destructive tendencies existing, to varying degrees, in every individual. A chart depicting levels of increasing suicide intent, "The Continuum of Negative Thought Patterns," can be utilized to assess the suicidal potential in the individual student or patient.     

媒体与青少年暴力

青少年是各种媒体的重要消费,不少国家和地区的研究都发现,除了上学和睡觉,青少年花在媒体上的时间比其他任何活动都多。然而,现代媒体充满了暴力,大量的实证研究已用科学数据确凿地证明,媒体暴力极大影响了青少年的暴力行为、暴力思想和情感。在此基础上,进一步分析了媒体暴力影响青少年的机制与中介因素,并从媒体使用和监管等角度阐述了减少和预防媒体暴力对青少年影响的应对措施。     

Marital Conflict and Adolescent Distress: The Role of Adolescent Awareness

The present longitudinal study (1989–1991) of seventh-grade adolescents (173 boys, 197 girls; M age = 12.7 in 1989) living in the rural Midwest examined the influence of children's awareness of marital conflict and reported level of parental hostility on symptoms of adolescent distress. The theoretical model guiding the research indirectly linked marital conflict to adolescent perceptions of parents' hostility through the mediating effects of parents and observers' report of hostility toward the adolescent and through adolescent awareness of the frequency of interparental conflict. Controlling for earlier levels of psychological distress, we hypothesized a direct path between adolescent report of parent hostility and adolescent maladjustment. Maximum likelihood estimation of the proposed model showed that marital conflict was significantly related to parents' and observers' reports of parent hostility toward the adolescent and to adolescent awareness of conflict frequency. Both parent hostility and adolescent awareness of the frequency of marital conflicts were significantly related to adolescent perceptions of parent hostility. When controlled for earlier distress, adolescent report of parent hostility significantly predicted the later internalizing and externalizing symptoms of these teenagers. The model predicted externalizing problems for boys but not girls. Otherwise, there were no gender differences in the postulated causal processes.     

Education and structural adjustment

His publications include Economics of Inequality in Education (Sage, 1987), Educational Finances in South Asia (UNCRD, 1988), Educational Planning at Grass-roots (Ashish, 1992), and Education for Development in Asia (Sage, in press). He has also taught at the universities of Delhi and Virginia, and worked at the World Bank.     

互联网与青少年思维发展

互联网使用对青少年心理行为发展的影响日益明显。本文从互联网自组织的特点出发 ,讨论了互联网对于知识表征与自我表征可能产生的影响 ,阐述了青少年使用互联网可能引发的整个思维发展模式的变化。本文认为互联网对青少年思维发展的影响可能是渐进性的 ,长期使用互联网可能导致青少年的思维模式出现质变。最后指出了未来研究的发展方向与可以拓展的领域。     

体育运动中的情绪特征及心理调节

在体育运动及竞赛中,运动员能否充分发挥其正常水平,受诸多因素的影响。笔者结合多年的实践经验,运用生理学和心理学的理论,阐述了体育运动竞赛中运动员的情绪特征,并针对性地介绍了几种调节情绪的手段和方法。     

体育运动中的情绪特征及心理调节

在体育运动及竞赛中,运动员能否充分发挥其正常水平,受诸多因素的影响.笔者结合多年的实践经验,运用生理学和心理学的理论,阐述了体育运动竞赛中运动员的情绪特征,并针对性地介绍了几种调节情绪的手段和方法.     

Attachment and Adolescent Psychosocial Functioning

To explore the meaning and function of attachment organization during adolescence, its relation to multiple domains of psychosocial functioning was examined in a sample of 131 moderately at-risk adolescents. Attachment organization was assessed using the Adult Attachment Interview; multiple measures of functioning were obtained from parents, adolescents, and their peers. Security displayed in adolescents' organization of discourse about attachment experiences was related to competence with peers (as reported by peers), lower levels of internalizing behaviors (as reported by adolescents), and lower levels of deviant behavior (as reported by peers and by mothers). Preoccupation with attachment experiences, seen in angry or diffuse and unfocused discussion of attachment experiences, was linked to higher levels of both internalizing and deviant behaviors. These relations generally remained even when other attachment-related constructs that had been previously related to adolescent functioning were covaried in analyses. Results are interpreted as suggesting an important role for attachment organization in a wide array of aspects of adolescent psychosocial development.     

青少年暴力及其预防

青少年暴力是当今社会最常见的一种暴力,不但严重影响了青少年自己的身心健康和未来发展,同时也极大威胁着国家和社会的安定与可持续发展。在对暴力的定义、类型及其影响介绍的基础上,详细阐述了青少年暴力的表现、差异特点和影响因素,并进一步结合社会生态学模式和我国当前的社会与青少年实际,从六个方面提出了预防和控制青少年暴力的具体措施。