Discussion of Racial Difference in Counseling: A Counselor's Perspective

Fifty-three counselors at a university counseling center and a university practicum clinic were surveyed using the Working Alliance Inventory–Short Form to examine the effect of acknowledging and discussing racial differences between counselor and client on the working alliance formed during the counseling sessions. Based on the counselor's perspective, a significant relationship between counselor-client discussion of racial difference and the working alliance was found.     

关于语义记忆与大脑研究的五种假说

自1972年Tulving提出了信息在长时记忆中储存的两种形式：情节记忆和语义记忆,语义记忆的研究就成为记忆的另一新课题。语义记忆指对词语、概念、规则和定律等抽象事物的记忆,如对词语的意义和语法规则、化学公式、物理定律、乘法规则以及各种科学概念的记忆。这篇文章介绍了五种关于语义记忆与大脑研究的假说。     

Consultation Related to Giftedness: A School Counseling Perspective

School counselors, when serving as consultants and assuming consultee roles, can contribute significantly to the well-being of gifted students at all school levels. This article summarizes pertinent current training of school counselors, social and emotional concerns of gifted children and adolescents, and the practice of consultation as it relates to school counseling. In addition, brief narratives describe consultations related to peer relations, underachievement, college and career decisions, assistance to classroom teachers and parents, small-group work, potential misdiagnosis, alternative and affective curriculum, and diversity.     

Research and Practice in Counseling: A Conflict of Values

A long-standing problem confronting counselor educators is the antagonism of counseling students toward research. In this article the author presents the thesis that a major source of the practitioner-researcher split is the conflict of values between the underlying assumptions of the traditional methods of research and theories of counseling. Scientific methods have often been narrowly interpreted in counseling. The emphasis in research has thus been on that which can be measured objectively, demonstrated by experiments, and replicated. Observation of natural events and people's own purposes frequently have been excluded. In contrast, humanist and existential theories of counseling focus on inner experience, qualitative, empathic understanding, and the importance of personal goals and purposes. Behind these disparate perspectives of research and practice are assumptions about the nature of reality, of knowledge, and of human nature. The result is a conflict of two value systems. Implications for counselor education are discussed and suggestions for resolving the conflict are presented.     

Development of Professional Identity for Counseling Professionals: A Mindfulness-Based Perspective

Professional identity development (PID), which involves transformational learning, is crucial for counselors and trainees. However most current training approaches focus more on specific tasks related to PID without focusing on the transformational learning aspect. Mindfulness is an important component for transformational learning; however, limited effort has been focused on its likely impact on PID. This conceptual article describes the need for integrating mindfulness into PID, and explains applications of mindfulness practices in assisting counselors to enhance development of a professional identity in the course of completing transformational tasks through a transformative learning process. Recommendations for future practice and research are included.     

Minority Populations and Traditional Counseling Programs: Some Alternatives

Racial and ethnic minority group members are now recognizing the need for relevant counseling services. Many counselor education programs, however, have not addressed this issue. While some counselor educators support the need for innovative counselor training programs for those who expect to work in pluralistic settings, others believe that traditional programs can meet the needs of all populations. This article describes why counselor training incorporating the needs of racial and ethnic minorities is needed and provides four models: (a) the separate course model; (b) the area of concentration model; (c) the interdisciplinary model; and (d) the integration model, which may be used in program development and implementation.     

情景学习与建构主义学习的批判:校本学习研究的视角

"学习发生在真实的情景之中"、"学习以个体的先前经验为前提"、"学习是一种合作交往的互动过程"是情景学习与建构主义学习的基本假设.然而,当这些学习假设被直接引用到教学实践中时,常常被乱解和误用.其原因就在于忽视了这些学习假设背后所隐含的具体文化适应性.本文对情景学习和建构主义学习的核心假设"同学乃知识拥有者"、"学习者日常经验"和"学习的群体互动"进行了反思,明确指出学校与课堂学习的基本原则在于"教育内容的选择与经验转化"和"教师角色的理性回归与重新确立".     

Review of Ivey,Ivey, and Simek-Morgan's Counseling and Psychotherapy: A Multicultural Perspective

Counseling and Psychotherapy: A Multicultural Perspective (3rd ed.). Allen E. Ivey, Mary Bradford Ivey, & Lynn Simek-Morgan, with contributions by Harold E. Cheatham & Sandra A. Rigazio-DeGilio. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon, (1993), 374 pages ($50.00).     

College Counseling and Student Retention: Research Findings and Implications for Counseling Centers

College counseling centers may come under increasing scrutiny by administrators regarding how their services contribute to student retention. College counselors can use data to demonstrate a positive influence of counseling on retention, but they also need to educate administrators that student retention should be a consideration among many when evaluating the efficacy of services. The author reviews findings from studies on the impact of college counseling on retention and addresses implications for counseling centers.     

Identifying a School Counseling Research Agenda: A Delphi Study

The authors conducted a Delphi study to identify important research questions regarding school counseling. During 3 consecutive rounds of e‐mail queries, an expert panel of 21 school counseling educators and practitioners were asked to identify the goals of school counseling research, develop specific research questions, and rate the importance of the questions. The highest rated research questions concerned school counseling interventions that have an impact on academic achievement and the effects of school counseling programs on student outcomes. The panel's final list of 42 research questions can help counselor educators, graduate students, and practitioners develop research projects that most effectively meet the needs of the field.     

Updating the School Counseling Research Agenda: A Delphi Study

The authors updated an earlier Delphi study identifying the research priorities for school counseling (Dimmitt et al., 2005 ). A 29‐member expert panel selected research questions from the prior study, generated new questions, and rank ordered the combined set. The results provide guidance for prioritizing dissertation topics, targeting future research, and focusing the scholarly efforts of counselor educators.     

优势视角的学校社会工作辅导策略探析

优势视角理论是20世纪八九十年代兴起于西方社会工作领域的一个新的实践取向。文章介绍了优势视角理论的基本观点:建构主义的哲学基础、多元取向的分析原则、弹性灵活的操作步骤和平等合作的辅导关系。在此基础上,文章结合两年来在中学开展的现场研究,提出了优势视角的学校社会工作辅导策略:此时此地、外化提问、积极回应、寻求代替、亲身体验和回归日常,并对此进行了反思与讨论。     

Physical Dimensions of Counseling: Perspective for the Helping Professions

Fifteen graduate students in the helping professions registered in a course that teaches helpers to use physical fitness as a counseling medium. The enrolled graduate students were matched with controls in four relevant areas, and both groups were pretested on 7 physiological and 11 psychological variables. The experimental students were given a 10-week treatment of physical fitness training, counseling in health habits, a life-style of well-being, and instruction in how to deliver these kinds of treatments to clients. For eight weeks the students used the skills in working with real clients. The experimental and control groups were posttested on the same variables; and multivariate and univariate analyses revealed significantly positive changes made by the experimental group. This article reports implications for graduate programs in the helping professions.     

复杂性视域里的教育研究

现代科学研究的发展表明 ,“还原论”、“决定论”的“简单性”研究方式已不再能有效地描述、说明宇宙、生命的过程 ;而强调非线性耦合作用、内随机性的“2 1世纪的科学”——“复杂性科学”,则提供了研究、思考问题的更好的可能方式。“复杂性”对教育研究的影响是深刻的、根本性的。它提示我们 :祈向整体性的教育思维 ,更多地关注教育事件 ,注重模糊的教育评价和共生的教育学研究     

Vulnerability in Research: A Developmental Perspective on Research Risk

Assessing potential risks to children who participate in developmental research is a challenging task because children are a heterogeneous population, varying in developmental competencies and in background characteristics. This essay offers a developmental perspective on research risk, emphasizing that children's vulnerability to research risk changes in complex ways: some risks decrease with increasing age, some increase as the child matures, others change in a curvilinear fashion, while some remain essentially stable with development. Because vulnerability in research does not simply decline linearly with age, assessments of research risk must entail multidimensional considerations that vary over developmental time. In a similar manner, individual characteristics of children at any age (e.g., maltreatment, at-risk status, etc.) may also heighten their vulnerability to certain risks which require special consideration by researchers. Finally, this discussion of developmental vulnerability and the principles underlying research ethics suggests that in addition to the conventional risk/benefit analysis, researchers are in an optimal position to establish and maintain standards of decent treatment of children in research that safeguard their rights as research participants. Suggestions for fostering this process in the research community are outlined.     

Research and Teacher Education: A British Perspective

The title of a lecture or address is often the least important part of it. Sometimes, indeed, it is almost an after-thought. In the case of my address today, however, the words of the title are important. What one puts between ‘research’ and ‘teacher education’ — on, or and, or in – makes a great deal of difference to the subject matter.