积极心理学在中职德育教学中的运用初探

把积极心理学的认知理论与行为理论运用于中职德育教学中,可以使教师确立对职业和对学生的积极认知,在积极认知的支配下很容易产生积极的教学行为,在设计教学内容时会主动与学生专业相结合并且与学生的认知能力相匹配,在探讨教学方式时会主动寻找适合中职学生参与的互动方式,在教学工具方面会有意识地选择积极语言及富有时代性的多媒体等教学工具;也会积极筹划课程管理方式引导学生完美自己的人格,最终对教师和学生的身心都能产生积极的成果。     

Professional development to increase teacher behavior‐specific praise: A single‐case design replication

Effective classroom instruction is contingent upon successful classroom management. Unfortunately, not all teachers successfully manage classroom behavior and need in‐service professional development. In this study, we replicated a targeted professional development approach that included a brief one‐on‐one training session and emailed visual performance feedback to increase novice teachers’ use of behavior‐specific praise, an evidence‐based classroom management skill. Dependent variables collected through direct observation included teachers’ behavior‐specific praise along with average student engagement and disruptions. Four elementary teachers participated and, based on a multiple‐baseline single‐case design, we found a functional relationship between the targeted professional development and teachers’ increased use of behavior‐specific praise. However, because of variability and one teacher's limited response, effect sizes were small for behavior‐specific praise and little change was observed in student behaviors. These findings warrant further research to determine which classroom management skills affect student behaviors overall, as well as continued evaluation of this professional development model and using school‐based coaches.     

促进专业发展的教师绩效评价研究

教师绩效是教师在教育教学过程中表现出来的与教育教学目标相一致的行为.教师绩效评价的主要内容包括师德、学科素养、课堂教学、学生学习和班主任工作五个维度.进行教育教学改善、专业思考和协商参与的教师绩效评价,增进教师对教育教学的理解并改善实践,有效促进教师的专业发展.     

Affective predictors of preservice science teaching behavior

The study investigated affective changes in elementary preservice teachers during a formative period and related these changes to the development of specific classroom science teaching behaviors. Thirty preservice teachers were randomly selected from a population involved in a field oriented methods course program. Analysis of pre and post affective measures and concurrent measures of perception and performance of teaching behaviors during this formative period found significant developmental relationships. The results suggest the effective use of instruments measuring certain affective changes during a formative period and moderate to strong predictive effects of the development and perception of classroom teaching behaviors. The affective changes which demonstrated relationship with teaching behavior included specific aspects of interests and attitudes toward teaching science and children learning science. No relationship was found with preservice attitudes toward nature.     

走向专业成长的大学生创业教育

走向创业是大学生成功的重要标志,也是大学专业教育的意义所在。然而,当前的大学生创业教育往往脱离了专业知识基础,创业教育形式化、空洞化。这种课堂创业教育的后果之一就是,大学生闯入社会后目标模糊,只能成为游闯社会的“闯业”一族。加强专业教育与创业教育之间的联系,立足于专业教育来深化创业教育,开拓专业知识中的市场价值,让创业思维在专业教育中得到滋养和发展,这应当是未来创业教育的新模式,即走向专业成长的创业教育。这就要求教师要强化创业案例研究,在理论联系实际的教学中进一步加强与创业案例的联系,培养学生基于专业的创业精神与灵感。     

Teachers' understanding and the use of the learning cycle

This study examined the relationships that exist between high school science teachers' understanding of the Piagetian developmental model of intelligence, its inherent teaching procedure—the learning cycle—and classroom teaching practices. The teachers observed in this study had expressed dissatisfaction with the teaching methods they used, and, subsequently, attended a National Science Foundation sponsored in-service program designed to examine laboratory-centered science curricula and the educational and scientific theories upon which the curricula were based. The teachers who exhibited a sound understanding of the Piagetian model of intelligence and the learning cycle were more likely to effectively implement learning cycle curricula. They were able to successfully integrate their students' laboratory experiences with class discussions to construct science concepts. The teachers who exhibited misunderstandings of the Piagetian developmental model of intelligence and the learning cycle also engaged their students in laboratory activities, but these activities were weakly related to learning cycles. For example, the data gathered by their students were typically not used in class discussions to construct science concepts. Therefore, these teachers apparently did not discern the necessity of using the data and experiences from laboratory activities as the impetus for science concept attainment. Additional results comparing degrees of understanding, teaching behaviors and questioning strategies are discussed.     

基于智慧课堂环境的小学数学教师信息技术应用能力测评事理图谱研究

智能时代,信息技术应用能力成为中小学教师必备的专业技能。在此背景下,文章首先介绍了教师信息技术应用能力、智慧课堂环境下的教学行为、事理图谱的研究现状。接着,文章选取25节智慧课堂环境下的小学数学优秀课例为样本案例,并对小学数学信息化教学行为进行分类与编码。随后,文章对智慧课堂环境下小学数学活动与师生行为之间的关系、小学数学显著性行为进行了分析。最后,文章构建了小学数学教师信息技术应用能力测评事理图谱,并评价了观察联想、归纳猜想、表达、验证与证明等活动中的小学数学教师信息技术应用能力,发现当前小学数学教师能有效将信息技术与学科教学进行深度融合。文章从课堂教学行为分析的角度,挖掘行为背后隐含的教师信息技术应用能力水平,可为教师能力测评提供新的思路与方法,并为教师信息技术应用能力提升给予有效指导。     

“To make the tacit explicit”: Teacher education, emerging discourse, and conceptions of teaching

The influence of teacher education on teaching is a problematic area, both in practice and in research. Often, because much research adopts a “first-order” perspective which focuses on teachers' behaviors, influences of teacher education are seen as temporary, negligible, or difficult to determine. The study reported here grew out of a general concern to document, via a “second-order” perspective which examines their thinking and perceptions, how teachers modify or improve what they do through formal teacher education. It addresses three important areas which have received little attention in recent research: foreign language teaching, in-service graduate education, and the role of a shared, professional discourse in developing teachers' conceptions of teaching. The paper presents a summary of the findings of an 18-month longitudinal study which examined how foreign language teachers' conceptions of their classroom practice developed as they took part in an in-service teacher education program. The paper discusses how the program's shared professional discourse contributes to increasing the complexity of the teachers' thinking about their teaching and suggests that as they learn to articulate their de facto ways of thinking in the shared discourse, the teachers gain greater control over their classroom practice and are thus more able to shape it to their own ends.     

Examining professional learning and the preparation of professionally competent teachers in initial teacher education

The relative contributions of higher education and schools, and hence the conceptual and practical aspects of ITE, to student teachers’ professional learning have been an issue of concern in teacher education. This article reports a mixed-methods study showing the relationship between student teachers’ engagement with the practical and conceptual aspects of a Postgraduate Diploma in Education (PGDE) Programme in Hong Kong and different facets of their perceived professional competence. One hundred and thirty-two student teachers participated in the quantitative survey of whom seven were interviewed. The findings reveal that experiences associated with learning the pragmatic facets of professional practice were more valued by student teachers compared to learning the conceptual aspects of ITE. Yet, in terms of relationship with professional competence, student teachers’ engagement with the practical aspects of ITE was related to competence in classroom teaching, whereas their engagement with the conceptual aspects contributed to their mastery of professional knowledge, competence in classroom teaching and competence in interacting with stakeholders. The study illuminates the distinctive contributions of schools and higher education in ITE. While acknowledging the important role of schools in providing a setting for practical work, this study affirms the distinctive contribution of higher education in equipping student teachers with practical and conceptual tools in the preparation of professionally competent teachers.     

教师教学行为的现状分析与变革路径——以研究性学习指导教师为例

教师的教学行为对课程实施效果和课堂教学质量起着至为关键的作用。调查表明,研究性学习指导教师的教学行为呈现出多元和复杂的特征。多数教师认同新课程倡导的教学方式和学习方式,但在实践中要践行这种理念会遭遇很多困境,教师教学行为与课程改革的要求有一定的差距。变革教师教学行为的有效路径和策略包括引导教师从学生发展的角度认识教育的价值,提升教师变革动力;建构具有共同的价值观和教育理想的学校文化;重建合作开放的教师专业文化;构建基于人格和谐发展的课程评价体系;建立动态互惠的院校合作伙伴关系;以教师专业发展理论为指导改进教师培训模式,提升教师的课程实施能力等。     

后现代教育理念对教师专业化发展的导向研究

当今时代教师的教育正是以教师专业化为发展趋势,也是目前我国教师教育发展的指向标。基于对教育规律有透彻分析的后现代教育理念,凸显了教育的本质和时代特性,包括了教育发展的新思想,为人们重新思考和理解教育提供了新的视野,也为教师专业化发展的导向提供了新的指南。本文试图基于后现代教育理念的视域下,从教师的认知结构、教学技能和师生关系三方面来深入剖析该理念对教师专业化发展的导向作用。     

教师课堂教学行为与学生课堂参与的关系——基于问卷调查的心理学实证研究

本研究通过对411名高中生进行了团体问卷调查,探讨了各类教师课堂教学行为对学生课堂参与行为的影响。结果发现：①教师的积极教学行为对学生课堂参与有显著的预测作用,其中教学技能、支持帮助维度预测力最大;②教师教学行为对不同学习效能感水平学生的课堂参与作用不同。低效能感学生的课堂参与受教师的消极教学行为尤其是不公平行为的负性影响更多,受教师积极教学行为的积极影响较少。     

Teachers’ classroom management self-efficacy,perceived classroom management and teaching contexts from beginning until mid-career

Teacher self-efficacy for classroom management is an important component of teachers' identity with implications for their teaching quality. Theoretically, it has been described that contextual variables play an important role for self-efficacy development and its consequences. However, little is known about the interrelationships of job resources and demands with teacher self-efficacy, and consequences for teachers' professional behaviors. We extend teacher self-efficacy research by drawing on the Job Demands-Resources model in examining contextual influences on developmental dynamics between classroom management self-efficacy and teacher-reported classroom management, from prior to qualifying as a teacher until mid-career. Participants were 395 primary and secondary Australian school teachers. Longitudinal structural equation models showed teachers’ classroom management self-efficacy positively related to aspects of their perceived classroom management, particularly during early career. Between early and mid-career, the positive relationship between self-efficacy and classroom management was moderated by early career excessive demands. Implications are outlined for teacher education and school administration.     

The effects of professional development on science teaching practices and classroom culture

The current science education reform movement emphasizes the importance of professional development as a means of improving student science achievement. Reformers have developed a vision for professional development based upon intensive and sustained training around concrete tasks that is focused on subject‐matter knowledge, connected to specific standards for student performance, and embedded in a systemic context. Using data from a National Science Foundation Teacher Enhancement program called the Local Systemic Change initiative, this study employs hierarchical linear modeling to examine the relationship between professional development and the reformers' vision of teaching practice. The findings indicate that the quantity of professional development in which teachers participate is strongly linked with both inquiry‐based teaching practice and investigative classroom culture. At the individual level, teachers' content preparation also has a powerful influence on teaching practice and classroom culture. At the school level, school socioeconomic status was found to influence practice more substantially than either principal supportiveness or available resources. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 37: 963–980, 2000     

英语教师职业发展行动研究之实证研究

该文运用问卷调查、访谈和课堂观察的方法,以某师范类高等院校外语系25位英语专业教师作为研究对象,从实践的角度证明：行动研究可以改变教师的教育教学信念,可以帮助教师在实践中通过反思寻找适当的教学策略,从而提高他们的教学技能和教学效果,最终实现其职业发展。     

从“看不见”到“看得见”——教师线上教学空间的挑战和对策

教学空间不仅是包含教学器具、教室建筑等的自然性空间,也是关涉师生交往、角色定位等人与人间关系的社会性空间。福柯的空间理论是从空间和政治权力关系以及政治统治策略出发对空间生产机制进行的微观层面研究,为理解和看待教学空间如何参与到教育教学中提供了一个强有力的解释性视角。面对从传统教学空间到线上教学空间的转变,教师由于沿用原有的权力控制模式遭到了学生行为变量无法得到有效观察、学生学习效果无法得到及时评估以及课堂教学规范作用无法得到充分发挥等教学方面的挑战。据此,提出从观察“行为”转向观察“认知”、从进行“终结性评价”转向进行“表现性评价”、从构建“教”的规范转向“学”的规范三条路径以实现线上教学空间中权力的运作和控制,提高教育教学质量。     

Changes in student teachers’ motives and the meaning of teacher education programme quality

This study provides insights into possible changes in 83 student teachers’ motives for becoming teachers, their professional commitment and their self-efficacy after a year of teacher education. Furthermore, it addresses the extent to which these changes relate to student teachers’ perceptions of their learning environment – specifically, their perceptions of the quality of teaching, generic skills and assessment. Student teachers completed a survey at the beginning and at the end of a single year of teacher education, which revealed significant changes in their motives and self-efficacy regarding tasks within the classroom and throughout the broader school context. No relationship between this change and teachers’ perceptions of their learning environment was observed. Instead, student teachers’ perception of the quality of teaching predicted their assessments of their ability and self-efficacy in a school context at the end of their education.     

What factors support or inhibit secondary mathematics pre-service teachers’ implementation of problem-solving tasks during professional experience?

There is an acknowledged gap between the theory presented in university preparation programmes and the reality of classroom practice that has resulted in many secondary mathematics pre-service teachers failing to implement university-endorsed teaching strategies. Using responses to a questionnaire and interviews, this qualitative study examined the factors that support or inhibit secondary mathematics pre-service teachers’ implementation of problem-solving tasks during professional experience. The results showed that even though the majority of pre-service teachers reported having beliefs compatible with using problem-solving tasks, the secondary students’ ability, preparation time, and the cooperating teacher were key factors that inhibited pre-service teachers’ implementation of problem-solving tasks. It is recommended that pre-service teachers regularly visit classrooms to observe the evolving implementation of problem-solving approaches. Furthermore, cooperating teachers should be required to attend professional development before the professional experience so they understand the goals of the university preparation programme and have the requisite skills and knowledge to support the implementation of problem-solving tasks in learning mathematics.     

The development of children's understanding of cyclic aspects of time

Developmental psychological approaches to the study of time have fallen into 3 categories: studies of time perception; studies of logical, reconstructive abilities; and studies of the understanding of conventional time systems. The present work examines problems spanning the latter 2 categories--the development of children's understanding of temporal cycles and the relationship between cyclic concepts and cognitive development. 62 children, ranging in age from 4 to 10 years, were administered Piagetian tests of classification and seriation and a variety of specially designed cyclic tasks. Results show major progress in the representation of cyclic order and recurrence during the age period examined. For a variety of particular cycles, order responses were shown before continuity responses. The ability to produce a correct order is related to seriation performance but not classification performance when the variance attributable to age is partialed out. Continuity responses appear to be unrelated to performance on either of the Piagetian tasks tested when age is controlled.