EQUITY IN MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE OUTCOMES: CHARACTERISTICS ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH AND LOW ACHIEVEMENT ON PISA 2006 IN IRELAND

Equity in education is a key concern internationally; however, it is rare that this issue is examined separately for low- and high-achieving students and concurrently across different subject domains. This study examines student and school background characteristics associated with low and high achievement in mathematics and science on the Programme for International Student Assessment. Based on the results of a multilevel multinomial model of achievement for each domain, findings indicate that a greater number of the variables examined are associated with low rather than high achievement. At student level, home language, intention to leave school early, socioeconomic status, grade level, cultural capital, and books in the home are significantly associated with achievement in mathematics and science. At school level, only school average socioeconomic status is statistically significant in the models. Significant gender differences are found in the distribution of high and low achievers, which vary across the domains. In mathematics, females are more likely to be low achievers while males are more likely to be high achievers. In science, gender interacts with early school-leaving intent whereas males intending to leave school early are more likely to be in the low-achieving group than females intending to leave early. Conclusions emphasise the need for targeting resources aimed at promoting equity in outcomes at student level as well as at school level. Future work may extend the current analyses by incorporating domain-specific variables or examining cross-country differences.     

台湾问题与中美两国的政策

台湾的现状表明其要继续走“台独”道路。中国政府对此绝对不会坐视不管,提出要早日解决台湾问题,美国则从自己的战略利益出发在两岸之间玩平衡游戏,但这只能应付一时,不能应付长久。     

论40～50年代美国对台政策的变动性与稳定性

以朝鲜战争为界 ,美国在台湾问题上的立场经历了从明确支持台湾回归中国到公开提出“台湾地位未定”论 ,从“不介入”台湾问题到武力侵占中国台湾海峡的两大变动。这两大变动始终遵循的原则是 ,台湾是否纳入美国的亚洲战略轨道 ,是否与美国的全球利益有利。美国的利益需求才是美国对台政策变动与稳定的出发点和立脚点。     

UNIVERSITY HEADS IN EUROPE AND IN THE U.S.A.: A STATISTICAL COMPARISON

In an effort to draw conclusions as to the relative level and quality of training of university heads in western Europe and in the United States, the author has examined the results of two surveys, one of European and one of American heads of universities. He has concluded that as a general rule the average European university head has achieved a more rigorous level of training than has hi3 American counterpart. He has also concluded that the selection procedure for a European head of university is usually more democratic that that employed in the selection of an American head of university.     

Transforming U.S. higher education: An organizational perspective

Scholarly work on organizational change within colleges and universities is relatively unknown among campus administrators and policy makers. To counter that low visibility, this essay reviews existing theories and research evidence on the topic. The goal is to provide some general guidelines for those who seek to refine purposes, develop programs, and improve effectiveness and efficiency on their campuses.James C. Hearn is Professor of Higher Education at the Institute of Higher Education at the University of Georgia. He has his A.B. from Duke University and M.A. in Sociology and Ph.D. in the Sociology of Education from Stanford University. A former policy analyst and college administrator, his teaching and research focus on postsecondary organization and policy. Currently he is examining connections between institutional governance and the changing demography of university faculty.An earlier version of this article was first presented at the conference on Justice, Participation, and Sustainability in Higher Education, University of LaVerne, LaVerne, CA, September 17, 1994.     

影响中美关系的贸易因素及中国应采取的对策

中美两国经贸关系在中美关系中占有很重要的地位,对中美整体关系既有积极推动的一面,也有消极影响的一面。而这种正反两方面的影响,也是有其深刻根源的。中国在与美国发展经贸关系中应采取相应的对策。     

走向多元:美国公立学校面临新挑战

美国是世界上较早发展公共教育的国家之一。19世纪初期,美国的改革家们开创了公立学校,试图借此将涌入美国的新移民培养成为具有良好素质的公民。然而,第二次世界大战以后,尽管美国的历次教育改革都以提高教育质量为核心,但美国的公共教育最终却因为教育质量问题而失去许多民众     

Comparing teacher salaries: Insights from the U.S. census

Teachers are more likely to be found in rural communities and low-wage metropolitan areas than are college-educated workers in other occupations. This analysis explores the extent to which the geographic distribution of teachers explains the relatively low average wage found in other studies. The analysis suggests that excluding geographic indicators from the analysis downwardly biases estimates of relative teacher wages. One important implication of these findings is that researchers should pay attention to geographic wage variations when making earnings comparisons between teaching and other occupations.     

美国联邦担保学生贷款的经验及其启示

美国联邦担保学生贷款政策自 2 0世纪 6 0年代实施以来 ,经过不断完善 ,取得了很大的成功 ,其主要的经验有 :政府为学生贷款提供担保、灵活多样的学生贷款项目、利用市场经济手段促进银行参与、有效的运行机制以及采取多种措施保障贷款回收等。美国联邦担保学生贷款与我国国家助学贷款模式比较相似 ,他们的经验对我们很有参考价值。     

中美教育投资来源比较及思考

教育经费对于教育事业的发展具有重要意义.为了解决我国当前教育事业的经费来源问题,本文先对中美两国教育的经费来源、国家财政性教育经费占GNP的比重、各级政府承担的教育比例、教育经费的分配结构、保证教育经费的措施和开发民间教育投资潜力等方面进行了比较.并以我国具体国情为背景,结合比较的内容,提出了适合中国国情的解决方案.对于增加我国的教育经费具有非常现实的意义.