Information-Sector Growth in Market and Nonmarket Economies: A Comparative Case Study

The purpose of this study is to identify factors that have led to the emergence of information activities in the global labor force. An analysis of the predominant theoretical perspectives on the development of the information society indicates that a comparison of the development of the information work force in countries that have experienced industrialization under different socioeconomic systems is needed. Finland and Poland are selected as the representatives of a market economy and a centrally planned economy. The results indicate that the information work forces of Finland and Poland have experienced similar patterns of growth over the time period examined. However, the distribution of the work force across different economic sectors differs by socioeconomic system. It is concluded that factors relating to industrialization have played the primary role in the emergence of the information work force and that this emergence may take multiple paths in developing.     

R&D internationalization, R&D collaboration and public knowledge institutions in small economies: Evidence from Finland and the Netherlands

This paper investigates domestic and foreign innovating firms’ determinants of R&D collaboration with domestic universities and public knowledge institutes in Finland and the Netherlands. We put particular emphasis on the impact of incoming academic spillovers on the probability to co-operate with these public R&D institutes.Based on data from Community Innovation Surveys we find that foreign firms in the Netherlands are less likely to co-operate with domestic public knowledge institutions than domestic firms, while in Finland no significant difference can be detected. Another result is that incoming knowledge spillovers are an important determinant for R&D collaboration with domestic public knowledge institutions in both countries. In case of foreign firms in Finland, incoming knowledge spillovers affect the probability to co-operate with public knowledge institutions more positively compared to domestic firms. For the Netherlands no substantial difference could be found in this respect. Further, innovating firms in Finland that require academic or basic knowledge do not co-operate significantly more with public knowledge institutions than those that need applied knowledge. At the same time they are willing to share knowledge with public R&D partners. In the Netherlands innovating firms that require relatively more basic than applied knowledge, increase the probability of co-operation with Dutch universities and public knowledge institutions but there is reluctance to share proprietary knowledge with public R&D partners. For both countries no significant difference between foreign and domestic firms with regard to academic knowledge requirements could be found. This raises the issue whether Finnish innovation policies with a strong focus on R&D co-operation provide incentives for strategic behaviour by domestic public partners to put more emphasis on applied research.     

社会网络视角下的企业知识网络研究

知识经济时代,知识成为企业核心资源;知识的更新速度不断加快,而企业所拥有的知识存量有限,为保持竞争优势,知识网络已成为组织实现知识管理的有效实践工具和实践知识管理的主要平台。文章从社会网络视角入手,探讨了企业知识网络概念及内涵,分析了社会网络三大核心理论——强弱联结、社会资本、结构洞,论述了该理论对企业知识网络的影响,提出了构建企业知识网络交流平台的方法。     

The influence of informal social media practices on knowledge sharing and work processes within organizations

Contemporary information technologies such as social media have invigorated the way knowledge is shared within organizations to the extent that we have to rethink and reassess our understanding of the role and influence of technology in organizational processes and knowledge sharing. This paper uses the strategy as practice lens guided by the interpretivist philosophy to understand the influence of informal social media practices on knowledge sharing and work processes within an organization. The paper uses empirical evidence from the case study of a telecom organization in Tanzania to gain theoretical insight into informal social media practices and knowledge sharing. This research contributes to the Information Systems (IS) literature by asserting that organizational processes are achieved by mundane knowledge sharing mediated by informal social media use within the organization. Also, the study contributes to IS literature by highlighting how emerging informal practices are essential to daily processes within organizations.     

Patent collaboration and international knowledge flow

In this paper, we provide an empirical analysis of evolving knowledge networks of successful patent collaboration at national level in 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s. All countries are classified into main knowledge creators (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) group) and main knowledge users (non-OECD group) in order to distinguish specific characteristics of knowledge interactions within groups and between groups. The analyses are carried out from four aspects, i.e., the overall distribution of knowledge interactions among countries, the countries’ ability to inhabit and facilitate the knowledge flows among others with the help of flow betweenness measures, the countries’ bridgeness between two groups with the recently developed Q-measures, and the most important bilateral knowledge interactions. Results show that although most of the international knowledge interactions still take place within the OECD group, the non-OECD countries have improved their performance significantly. They participate much more in international patenting and collaborations and play much more important roles in facilitating knowledge interactions among others. Among them, China and Taiwan are two most dazzling new stars according to their performance in international knowledge interactions. Considering together with their rapidly improved world competitiveness, the findings indicate that the wide and deep participation in international knowledge interactions may have great contribution to the economic competitiveness.     

Investigating consumers’ online social shopping intention: An information processing perspective

Online social media is transforming the way customers communicate and exchange product information with others. Consumers increasingly rely on the opinions and recommendations from social media members when making purchasing decisions. However, information received from social media may have different meanings and social implications for consumers. Based on the theory of informational social influence and heuristic-systematic model (HSM), we develop a model to understand the relative importance of informational social influence, normative social influence, and perceived information quality on the consumer’s social shopping intention under different levels of product involvement. The results of the structural equation modeling (SEM) using a sample of 503 consumers in the Facebook brand fan pages indicate that social influences have a greater impact on the consumer’s social shopping intention than perceived information quality. Three social interactional factors (perceived similarity, familiarity, and expertise) have a positive effect on social shopping intention via the mediation of informational, normative social influence and perceive information quality. The multiple-group analysis suggests that high product-involved consumers are motivated to exert more cognitive effort to evaluate the product information. In contrast, low product-involved consumers are more susceptible to informational social influence. We draw on these findings to offer implications for researchers and practitioners.     

知识经济时代伯高校图书馆信息服务

本文论述了知识经济条件下，高校图书馆所面临的竞争环境，分析了知识经济时代高校图书馆的信息服务工作及其原则。     

图书馆知识管理方案浅谈--论知识整合与知识联盟

知识经济背景下的知识管理日益引起人们的重视。文章主要讨论了知识整合的内容及知识联盟的由来及特征，并进一步提出了图书馆从组织内部进行知识整合及从组织外部进行知识联盟的方案。     

知识型产业区位的实证分析

产业区位是一种主要的地理现象。杜能于１８２６年提出了农业区位的一般模式,韦伯１９０９年发展了他的工业区位理论。本文实证研究了知识型产业区位问题,进而讨论了中国知识型产业发展的空间布局。     

知识、资源与自然的辩证关系

自然资源作为人类根据自身需要，而开发出来的附着于自然物质和能量之上的使用功能，不仅与自然，而且与人类的知识进步、知识积累有着密不可分的关系。以往人们对这一关系的认识有很大的局限性。随着科学的发展与技术水平的提高，生产的社会分工也越来越细化，更多的人从与自然资源直接相关的产业部门中分离出去，因而在认识上出现了这样一种倾向，即自然资源的重要性已不如从前，知识经济大发展已经超越了自然资源的局限。可以说，这种认识没能正确的理解知识与自然资源的关系，所以是错误的。知识与自然资源的关系，所以是错误的。知识与自然资源关系是共生共存、相互促进、共同发展的。在信息化与知识经济迅速崛起时代，正确理解与把握知识、资源与自然之间的辩证关系，直接关系到人类社会未来发展的走向，具有十分深远的历史意义。     

知识经济社会信息分析研究工作面临的机遇与挑战

知识经济的到来，给信息分析研究工作创造了机遇，本文从知识经济的特征出发，探讨了信息分析研究在知识经济社会中的作用，提出了提高信息分析研究水平，迎接知识经济社会挑战的基本对策。     

Role of knowledge conversion and social networks in team performance

This study aims to find out how different processes of knowledge management and patterns of social networking affect team performance. Our data on teams originate from a sample of different organizations from a variety of both public and private industries in Finland (76 teams; 499 employees). One of the main deficiencies in the current literature on knowledge and networks is that they tend to concentrate on specific types of teams in a single organization context. Our aim was to put the team phenomenon into an everyday context by analysing the interplay of knowledge creation and social networks in teams which function on a permanent basis in a variety of industry contexts. Both knowledge creation and social networking contributed to performance, but the results showed that whereas team members see the knowledge conversion processes as central to performance, top management emphasize the importance of social networks in value creation. In our examination, lively interaction between team members, combined with team leaders’ intra-organizational networks, contributed to team performance.     

知识工作结构的量表开发与验证研究

基于知识员工个体的视角,对知识工作结构进行量表开发和验证研究。通过文献研究、征求专家意见和员工访谈,将知识工作结构的构成维度分为完备度、精细度、有序度、创新度和有效度。在此基础上,通过探索性因子分析开发知识工作结构量表,共包括20个题项,并通过验证性因子分析、信度和效度评估等验证量表的合理性。     

知识经济与情报科学

进入90年代后期,知识经济已成为人们普遍关注的热点。为此,在知识经济环境下,本文针对情报科学领域的特点,探讨了知识经济与情报科学之间的关系,并对我国情报科学事业的发展提出了几点建议。     

Knowledge sharing in project-based organizations: Overcoming the informational limbo

Project-based organizations (PBO) are nowadays widespread in almost all the activity sectors. This type of organizations poses complex problems for information and knowledge management due to the fragmentation and lack of uniformity of organizational structures, processes, practices, and technologies. The ineffectiveness of knowledge sharing over time, between project teams, is perhaps the most prominent issue that PBO must deal with. This strongly affects organizational learning, which seems to under-deliver value to PBO. Therefore, relevant knowledge is trapped in an “informational limbo” out of reach, not being capitalized for the organization. This is particularly true in research and development (R&D) institutions, where knowledge sharing can be hindered by conceptual misunderstandings resulting from different disciplines, cultures and ways of working of project participants. This paper addresses such issues by analyzing, in a comprehensive way, how information and knowledge management can better suit project team's needs and at the same time improve organizational learning. An ethnographic study, based on immersed participant observation, is performed at a Portuguese R&D Institute, in order to understand the link between the way information is managed in a project and how people interact and learn by sharing knowledge between projects. Results provide a set of enterprise information management (EIM) recommendations. Findings also suggest that a PBO-wide EIM strategy, balancing knowledge codification and personalization mechanisms, is a feasible solution to overcome the problems of knowledge sharing in PBO.     

A multilevel model for effects of social capital and knowledge sharing in knowledge-intensive work teams

Although it is a widely held belief that social capital facilitates knowledge sharing among individuals, there is little research that has deeply investigated the impacts of social capital at different levels on an individual's knowledge sharing behavior. To address this research gap, this study combines a multilevel approach and an optimal network configuration view to investigate the multilevel effects of social capital on individuals’ knowledge sharing in knowledge intensive work teams. This study makes a distinction between the social capital at the team-level and that of social capital at the individual level to examine their cross-level and direct effects on an individual's sharing of explicit and tacit knowledge. A survey involving 343 participants in 47 knowledge-intensive teams was conducted for testing the multilevel model. The results reveal that social capital at both levels jointly influences an individual's explicit and tacit knowledge sharing. Further, when individuals possess a moderate betweenness centrality and the whole team holds a moderate network density, team members’ knowledge sharing can be maximized. These findings offer a more comprehensive and precise understanding of the multilevel impacts of social capital on team members’ knowledge sharing behavior, thus contributing to the social capital theory, as well as knowledge management research and practices.     

知识经济与图书馆

知识经济对图书馆的影响是有图书馆历史以来最大的,它将根本地改变图书馆的外在形态、文献载体、工作手段、服务方式等,使图书馆更加情报化,以至于完全情报化。本文针对知识经济的种种特点,探讨了图书馆所应该要取的种种对策,从宏观管理的角度阐述了未来图书馆建设和发展中所要把握的诸多因素。     

Email-free collaboration: An exploratory study on the formation of new work habits among knowledge workers

Social collaboration technologies have rapidly spread across organizations, offering a unique opportunity to improve the exchange of knowledge among employees, especially in distributed work environments. The increasing popularity of social-collaboration tools as an employee-oriented communication channel, inevitably raises questions about the future of email as its intensive use by knowledge workers is more and more perceived as being inefficient and unproductive. Through a quantitative case study methodology, this study seeks to explore the role played by the notion of habit in explaining employee knowledge sharing capability for firms implementing social collaborative practices in the context of no-email initiatives. Data collected within a large international IT services company, which is among the first firms having made such shift, were used to test the developed conceptual model. The findings suggest that habit is positively influenced by relative advantage and perceived ease of use while relative advantage was found to positively impact knowledge sharing capability. Besides, habit moderates the relationships between three attributes (relative advantage, perceived ease of use, and compatibility to a lesser extent) and knowledge sharing capability. Theoretical and practical implications developed from these findings are then discussed.     

Learning About Information Technologies and Social Change: The Contribution of Social Informatics

Social informatics is the body of research that examines the design, uses, and consequences of information and communication technologies in ways that take into account their interaction with institutional and cultural contexts. This article serves as a brief introduction to social informatics. Examples such as computer networks, scientific communication via electronic journals, and public access to the Internet are used to illustrate key ideas from social informatics research. Some of the key themes include the importance of social contexts and work processes, sociotechnical networks, public access to information, and social infrastructure for computing support. The article draws upon 25 years of systematic analytical and critical research about information technology and social change.     

Visualization of the Nordic academic web: Link analysis using social network tools

The aim of this paper is to study the link relationships in the Nordic academic web space – comprised of 23 Finnish, 11 Danish and 28 Swedish academic web domains with the European one. Through social networks analysis we intend to detect sub-networks within the Nordic network, the position and role of the different university web domains and to understand the structural topology of this web space. Co-link analysis, with asymmetrical matrices and cosine measure, is used to identify thematic clusters. Results show that the Nordic network is a cohesive network, set up by three well-defined sub-networks and it rests on the Finnish and Swedish sub-networks. We conclude that the Danish network has less visibility than other Nordic countries. The Swedish one is the principal Nordic sub-network and the Finland network is a slightly isolated from Europe, with the exception of the University of Helsinki.