一个职员雇用系统的Z规格说明

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基于Object-Z规格说明形式方法的软件开发

形式化方法技术和面向对象程序设计技术相结合,可以消除因软件开发初期的需求规格说明因描述的歧义而可能引起的不一致性和不正确性,特别适应于可靠性要求非常高的软件,可以它们发挥各自的优点,更好地开发出高质量的软件产品。     

中英社会流行语与语言规范

社会的发展和进步,形成了具有创新性、丰富多彩的社会流行语。无论是在西方国家还是在中国,社会流行语都是一种客观存在、不容忽视的特殊语言现象。社会流行语在日常交际中时常可见,并且被很多人是指并应用。英语流行语和汉语流行语来自于影视作品、文学作品、网络用语、热点新闻话题、外来语、学校语言等等。甚至还有一些创作的新的社会流行语。但是流行语与语言规范相矛盾,社会流行语影响了语言语音,语法,书写等方面的正规性和规范性。     

Shrek:一个动态面向对象程序设计语言(英文)

以理论研究的视角,现有面向对象程序设计语言的理论模型存在不足,如C++不支持元类,Java和C#的基本类型不是对象等.为此,设计了一种程序设计语言Shrek,将多种语言特性和语言设施统一在一个简洁、一致的模型下实现.Shrek语言是基于类的完全面向对象语言,拥有动态强类型系统,采用了与Mixin相结合的单继承机制.该语言具有协调一致的类对象结构,具备结构化计算反射能力,能够进行安全的元类程序设计.另外,它还支持多线程程序设计和自动垃圾回收,并通过本地方法机制极大地增强了自身的表达能力.该语言的原型系统已经实现,达到了预期的设计目标.     

An empirical study of formal procedure specification

Programming a computer is a problem-solving activity which can be categorized as formal procedure specification.It is a useful vehicle for the study of this aspect of problem-solving because the procedures can be automatically tested for correctness.The reported study focuses on the incidence and severity of errors committed during program development by novice programmers.The observations are summarized in tabular form, to permit insights into the sorts of errors virtually untrained students make when specifying procedures, and the problems they have eliminating them.     

多元语境中的语言规范与语文教学

学生的语言学习和言语行为的发展是在多元语境中进行的,这一过程是语言不断规范的过程。建国以来,语言规范一直是我国语言文字工作的一项重要任务,不仅表现为语言政策的制定和社会生活中的语言规范的落实,也表现在语文教学中的对语言规范的认真执行。在多元语境的前提下,为促进语言规范,语文教学应该把握以下几点：熟悉并执行语言政策及其相关要求,教师的语言知识讲解和言语行为必须符合语言规范的需要,不断规范学生的言语行为,保持健康包容的语言心态等。     

基于属性的访问控制策略描述语言

首先提出了基于属性的访问控制策略,该方法利用用户和角色属性表达式来描述访问控制策略.然后,提出了扩展的XACML（扩展访问控制标记语言）策略描述语言A-XACML.A-XACML可以简单、灵活地表达各种应用环境中的访问控制策略,尤其是基于属性的访问控制策略.该语言及其框架通过数据类型、函数和逻辑组合来定义简单或复杂的访问控制策略.最后,给出了利用属性表达式和A-XACML来实现用户-角色指派的系统架构和应用实例.该实例表明属性表达式和A-XACML能够灵活简单地描述和实施复杂的访问控制策略.     

用面向对象的方法实现调度管理

本文给出了用面向对象的方法设计的调度管理系统的结构和一个实例。     

Web服务组合规范WS-CDL的类型化形式化模型

为了形式化地推理和验证web服务编排规范WS-CDL所描述的web服务组合,提出了一个WS-CDL规范的类型化形式化模型——typed abstract WS-CDL.在typed abstract WS-CDL中,定义了类型和会话的语法、类型判定规则和操作语义;web服务间的协作由会话来描述;利用会话的操作语义能对web服务编排的执行进行推理;利用类型判定规则能检查web服务间交换信息类型一致性并捕获由于类型不一致导致的运行时错误.特别地提出了类型假设集的外延和类型假设集相容性的概念,并定义了类型假设集的合并算法以消除类型假设冲突.在该模型基础上,还定义了从choreography到orchestration的类型化映射规则,通过这组规则,可以从一个给定的web服务choreography得到orchestration桩代码及其类型假设集,因而web服务组合能在choreography和orchestration层被验证.提出的模型被证明具有类型安全性,并且通过一个案例分析说明了所提出的模型是有助于对web服务组合进行推理和验证的.     

具有specification性质的连续流的不变测度

具有强specification性质的连续流,其周期轨所生成的不变测度的集合是不变测度空间内的稠密集合.     

面向对象的数据访问类设计与使用

分析了数据访问类在面向对象应用程序设计中的作用,采用C#技术与SQl语句实现了数据访问类中数据操作方法的封装．     

English language education in formal and cram school contexts: an analysis of listening strategy and learning style

Formal English language education in Taiwan now starts at Year 3 in primary school, with an emphasis on communicative proficiency. In addition to formal education, attending English cram schools after regular school has become a common phenomenon for Taiwanese students. The main purpose of gaining additional reinforcement in English cram schools is to help pupils enhance their academic performance. However, how pupils use strategies to approach their learning, how they prefer to develop their listening skills, and their relation to different learning environments, say, formal and cram schools, are still unclear. The aim of the present study is to investigate how far formal and cram school English education and the degree of English listening comprehension influences different aspects of listening strategy use and learning styles. The research involved a questionnaire survey of 526 Year 6 primary school pupils. The analysis of the questionnaire was conducted through multivariate analysis of variance and chi-square tests of independence. Results showed that there was a close link between English listening comprehension, learning in English cram schools, certain types of strategy use, and learning styles. Pupils who preferred to learn English in cram schools reported better English listening comprehension and developed better cognitive strategies.     

论背景知识在阅读理解中的作用

背景知识的作用在近20年已引起语言学家的广泛注意。本文首先介绍了几种阅读理论，然后依据图式理论，阐述了该理论在阅读理解中的作用，认为充分利用读者所具有的图式，即背景知识，并发挥其认知能力，将会改查传统的阅读理解中所存在的不足之处，使读者在阅读理解中积极的参与思考，从而提高他们的理解技巧，使理解更快，更准确，更全面，最后指出该作用对教学的启发。     

基于MPI的并发面向对象设计

Object-oriented model possesses inherent concurrency. Integration of concurrency and object-orientation is a promising new field. MPI is a message-passing standard and has been adopted by more and more systems. This paper proposes a novel approach to realize concurrent object-oriented programming based on Message-passing interface(MPI) in which future method communication is adopted between concurrent objects. A state behavior set is proposed to solve inheritance anomaly, and a bounded buffer is taken as an example to illustrate this proposal. The definition of ParaMPI class, which is the most important class in the concurrent class library,and implementation issues are briefly described.     

数据结构的对象化教学方式探讨与实践

数据结构是高等院校计算机专业的一门重要的专业课。就目前普遍采用的面向过程的教学方式的弊端,提出了进行对象化的教学方式。结合我院实践,提出了一系列的教学步骤,并对此作了分析和探讨。     

Language! Effects of an individualized structured language curriculum for middle and high school students

This chapter documents the success of a 12-month individualized structured language curriculum (LANGUAGE!) provided to middle and high school juvenile offenders (n=45; 43 males; 2 females) enrolled in a rehabilitation program. Although individual students participated in the program for an average of just 22.7 weeks (SD 8.51), they made significant gains (more than three years growth) over this period in written language expression (composition), encoding (spelling), and decoding (isolated word recognition), as documented by standardized literacy measures, moving from standard scores in the 60s and 70s to the 80s and 90s. Gains on the Gray Oral Reading Test (GORT III) were consistent with these measures and well exceeded gains made by a comparison group (n=51; 48 males, 3 females) which included students attending similar rehabilitation programs for a comparable period of time, but these students were not offered the individualized LANGUAGE! curriculum. Details of the LANGUAGE! curriculum and the basis of its success are discussed.     

文化能力对目的语阅读理解的影响

影响目的语阅读理解的因素很多.本文以交易阅读模型的理论为基础,在充分考虑阅读理解本质特征的前提下,提出文化能力(广义)对目的语阅读理解水平起着决定性的作用,并从文化能力的组成部分--目的语语言能力、背景知识水平及母语呈现水平三方面阐述其对阅读理解的巨大影响.     

Young people mobilizing the language of citizenship: struggles for classification and new meaning in an uncertain world

This paper presents research findings from an ethnographic study carried out with 24 low‐income youths (ages 14–16) living on the economic fringes of urban inner‐city Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Our primary aims are: to expose the stratified subcultural articulations of citizenship as they are expressed, through language and symbol, by the young people within our study; and to demonstrate how critiques of (neo‐)liberalism in political thought, when combined with a cultural sociology of youth, might alter our subcultural reading of young people's conceptions of citizenship under the dynamics of radical social change. Our ultimate goal is to develop a more nuanced sociological examination of the ways in which young people deploy and utilize the language of citizenship as part of their own cultural struggles, exacerbated in times of state retrenchment, to classify themselves and others as one method of achieving visibility and legitimacy in urban concentrations of poverty.     

The effects of multisensory structured language instruction on native language and foreign language aptitude skills of at-risk high school foreign language learners: A replication and follow-up study

According to research findings, most students who experience foreign language learning problems are thought to have overt or subtle native language learning difficulties, primarily with phonological processing. A recent study by the authors showed that when a multisensory structured language approach to teaching Spanish was used with a group of at-risk high school students, the group’s pre- and posttest scores on native language phonological processing, verbal memory and vocabulary, and foreign language aptitude measures significantly improved. In this replication and follow-up study, the authors compared pre- and posttest scores of a second group of students (Cohort 2) who received MSL instruction in Spanish on native language and foreign language aptitude measures. They also followed students from the first study (Cohort 1) over a second year of foreign language instruction. Findings showed that the second cohort made significant gains on three native language phonological measures and a test of foreign language aptitude. Follow-up testing on the first cohort showed that the group maintained its initial gains on all native language and foreign language aptitude measures. Implications for the authors’ Linguistic Coding Deficit Hypothesis are discussed and linked with current reading research, in particular the concepts of the assumption of specificity and modularity.     

Benefits of multisensory structured language instruction for at-risk foreign language learners: A comparison study of high school Spanish students

In this study, the benefits of multisensory structured language (MSL) instruction in Spanish were examined. Participants were students in high-school-level Spanish attending girls’ preparatory schools. Of the 55 participants, 39 qualified as at-risk for foreign language learning difficulties and 16 were deemed not-at-risk. The at-risk students were assigned to one of three conditions: (1) MSL—multisensory Spanish instruction in self-contained classrooms (n=14); (2) SC—traditional Spanish instruction provided in self-contained classrooms (n=11); and (3) NSC—traditional Spanish instruction in regular (not self-contained) Spanish classes (n=14). Not-at-risk students (n=16) received traditional Spanish instruction in regular classes similar to the instruction provided to the NSC group. All three at-risk groups made significant gains over time on some native language skills regardless of teaching method. The MSL group also made significant gains on a foreign language aptitude measure. The MSL group and the not-at-risk group made greater gains than the two other at-risk groups on foreign language aptitude and native language measures of reading comprehension, word recognition, and pseudoword reading. Although most at-risk learners achieved an “expected” level of foreign language proficiency after two years of instruction, significant group differences were found. On measures of oral and written foreign language proficiency, the MSL and not-at-risk groups scored significantly higher than the at-risk groups instructed using traditional methods. After two years of Spanish instruction, no differences in foreign language proficiency were found between the MSL group and the not-at-risk group.