School fee abolition and changes in education indicators

Fee abolition is said to play a vital role in achieving Universal Primary Education, and in reducing education differentials by gender and wealth. I use DHS data to examine changes in the Net Attendance Ratio (NAR) and the Primary School Completion Rate (PSCR) in sub-Saharan African countries following fee elimination. In countries that abolish fees NARs generally increase more than do PSCRs. NAR differentials in gender and wealth often shrink, while in the same countries corresponding PSCR differentials remain unchanged, or increase. Changes may not coincide with fee abolition. Conflicting results are widely found. Reasons for differing results are discussed.     

The impact of salary differentials on teacher shortages and turnover: The case of mathematics and science teachers

One of the major focuses of the recent reform movement in education concerns perceived and anticipated teacher shortages, especially in particular fields such as mathematics and science. It is widely believed that lower salaries relative to alternative occupations are responsible for teacher shortages and that higher salaries will therefore help reduce shortages. Yet there is little empirical research that examines the relationship between teacher shortages and teacher salary differentials. This paper examines this relationship for the case of mathematics and science teachers using data on a sample of medium and large school districts located within large metropolitan areas throughout the United States. The results support the general proposition that salary differentials between teachers and alternative occupations influence teacher shortages, although the relationship varies by gender and geographic area of the U.S.     

Wage equity and female faculty job satisfaction: The role of wage differentials in a job satisfaction causal model

The present study examined the role of female/male wage differentials in a model of job satisfaction. Female/male wage differentials were initially derived in a manner designed to eliminate much of past discriminatory practices. Subsequently, wage differentials were incorporated in a causal model to predict multiple aspects of academic job satisfaction for female faculty. It was hypothesized that the magnitude of the gender-based wage differential not only affected global job satisfaction but also intentions to remain in the academy, perceived stress level, perceptions of collegiality, and perception of the institution among female faculty. The findings indicated that as gender-based wage differentials increased, global job satisfaction of female faculty decreased. This significant effect was manifested predominantly through faculty perceptions of the institution.     

Are U.S. teacher salaries competitive? Accounting for geography and the retransformation bias in logarithmic regressions

Using data from the American Community Survey for 2012-2016, I estimate relative earnings differentials between teachers and observationally equivalent non-teachers. Two concerns at primary issue in the paper are adequately controlling for differing geographic locations of teachers and non-teachers, and addressing the bias that can arise in the use of logarithmic specifications of earnings regressions to estimate average wage differentials. I find that both issues are of relevance: while ignoring disparate location biases the differential away from zero, failing to account fully for differences in the distribution of earnings for teachers and non-teachers biases it towards zero. An analysis of data from the 2007-2011 American Community Survey suggests that that the magnitude of the teacher pay differential has increased since that time. Other suggested corrections, based on earlier research on differential time misreporting and benefit differences, lead to a smaller but still economically significant differential.     

Teacher labor markets and the perils of using hedonics to estimate compensating differentials in the public sector

Some scholars and policymakers who are concerned about the inequitable distribution of quality teachers suggest offering financial incentives for working in hard-to-staff schools. Previous studies have estimated compensating differentials using hedonic modeling, an approach potentially undermined by district-wide salary schedules and the lack of labor market competitiveness. To address this problem, we build hedonic wage models for both public and private schools using data from the 1999–2000 Schools and Staffing Survey and the 2000 Census. Empirical estimates suggest that both public and private schools compensate teachers for some working conditions, but there also appear to be differences between public and private schools in the magnitude of the compensating differentials, particularly for teaching low-income students.     

国有部门与非国有部门间工资差异——基于分布分解分析

我国国有部门和非国有部门间工资差异既表现在均值水平上,还表现在不同收入层上,并且收入层越高工资差异越大;受教育水平和个人特征等变量确实能解释工资差异中一部分,但仍有相当大部分工资差异无法解释．造成该部分无法解释的原因是不同部门工资决定机制的差异。同时,不同地区不同收入层的国有部门和非国有部门间工资差异十分显著,女性的部门工资差异显著大于男性,高收入层的男性部门工资差异为负。     

人力资本的外部性与行业收入差异

本文使用2000年国家统计局城镇住户调查数据、运用“两阶段计量回归方法”,对中国人力资本外部性与行业收入差异之间的关系进行了实证检验。实证结果显示第一,中国人力资本存在显著的外部性,即行业平均受教育程度越高则行业收入溢出就越大;第二,行业垄断因素也是产生行业收入差异的主要解释变量之一。     

Mobility and wage equilibration in the educator labor market

Using longitudinal data, this article examines mobility and wage equilibration patterns for instructional personnel for kindergarten through the twelfth grade. The study concludes that (1) contrary to popular belief, educators are at least as responsive as other workers to interoccupational wage differences in deciding to change occupations; (2) educators paid above (below) the wage they could expect in the economy at large experience less (greater) than average wage growth; (3) educators are responsive to wage differentials within teaching in deciding to change districts but not as strongly responsive as to wage differentials between teaching and other occupations; and (4) educators paid above (below) the average wage for educators with similar qualifications experience less (greater) than average wage growth from one school year to the next.“Frustrated teachers stew over working conditions, but most don't quit.”     

The educational achievement of pupils with immigrant and native mothers: evidence from Taiwan

This paper takes advantage of the Taiwan Assessment of Student Achievement data set to empirically evaluate whether the test score differentials between pupils with immigrant and native mothers are substantial across subjects, grades and years. Our results show that there exist test score differentials between the two groups after controlling for the students' individual characteristics and family background. The Chinese, Maths and English subjects exhibit larger test score gaps relative to Science and Society. We also find that the academic gaps between native students and pupils with mothers from Southeast Asian countries tend to widen, while the students' performance is about the same as that for native students if their mothers are from mainland China, confirming that the language proficiency of immigrant mothers significantly affects pupils' learning. Our empirical results may suggest that remedial teaching (or an equivalent preferential policy) for the lower-grade pupils with immigrant mothers might be required to create a fair environment for learning, and such a policy should take the nationality of those foreign mothers into account.     

一种SAN环境中快速数据备份方法研究

对现有的基于磁盘的数据备份恢复方法进行分析,提出在SAN环境下,一种实现基于虚拟磁盘服务(VDS,Virtual DiskService)和卷影复制服务(vSS,Volume Shadow Copy Service)的数据备份和恢复方法,考虑备份策略,减小备份窗口,保证安全性,满足低成本快速数据备份的需求.     

层次多级联对象名称解析系统的体系架构

文中分析了目前物联网的ONS（对象名称解析服务）存在一些弊端,在此问题上,提出了架构一个分层管理、缓存、安全、稳定、信息维护、多编码兼容的对象名称解析系统的体系。详细分析了EPC（电子产品编码）格式组成,引入ONS_Cache缓存,定义一个通用的数据结构ONS_STRUCTURE,引入可信认证服务器TAS（Trusted Authentication Server）等架构一个分层多级联对象名称解析系统的体系,解决了ONS名称解析过程中数据存储量大、负载不均衡和通信不可靠性等问题。     

科技电子政务数据交换平台的架构

为了解决科技电子政务系统数据之间的传输和共享问题,提出基于Web Service接口的数据交换平台架构,从而实现不同应用系统之间的数据交换与数据共享。     

智能化FFSN网络检测方法研究与应用

目前,僵尸网络（Botnet）已成为影响网络安全的重大威胁.为了提高僵尸网络的存活率,网络攻击者利用速变网络服务（Fast-Flux Service Network,FFSN）技术来隐藏其真实攻击主机的网络位置.本研究开发一套智能化恶意网络检测技术,可针对速变网络服务技术找出新的检测特征值进行检测与追踪,并利用智能化算法在可接受的时间复杂度下找出恶意网络检测技术的最优检测策略.实验数据显示,本检测技术可有效减少检测时长,对于各类型网络检测都有较高的正确率.     

XML、SOAP、.NET与Web Service关系

Web Service是使应用程序可以以与平台和编程语言无关的方式进行相互通信的一项技术,是一个软件接口,使用基于XML语言的协议来描述要执行的操作或者要与另一个Web Service交换的数据。它描述了一组可以在网络上通过标准化的XML消息传递访问的操作。     

基于XML的Web Service技术

为解决Web相关数据处理问题而诞生的新一代置标语言XML,在Web Service体系各服务功能实现中无处不在地发挥着重要的作用。本文从XML技术特点、在Web服务中的作用及Web Service的原理和技术平台体系的实现三个方面阐述了XML在Web Service体系中的基石价值。     

Wage differentials among workers in input-output models

A human capital approach is assumed to explain wage differentials among workers in an input-output framework, where skilled workers are produced by means of goods and labor of different kinds. The first part discusses the solution of the input-output system; wage differentials are analyzed in terms of the rate of profit. In the second part, on the basis of an education matrix compiled ad hoc, hypothetical wage differentials are calculated according to education costs and the changes of skill prices at various levels of nonwage incomes derived.     

Engaging youth in public lands monitoring: opportunities for enhancing ecological literacy and environmental stewardship

Abstract

The US Forest Service has a long history of youth conservation education. We investigated U.S. Forest Service citizen science programs that involve secondary school students in field collection of monitoring data to understand (1) how the programs integrated science and environmental education and (2) whether these programs advance ecological literacy and environmental stewardship. We conducted semi-structured interviews with the program leads, teachers, and students. Program leads and students said programs produced reliable data and met monitoring and other U.S. Forest Service stewardship objectives. Although these programs varied in design and objectives, our findings suggest these programs were incorporating both science and environmental education, and there is some indication they are creating ecological literacy among participants. Students exhibited environmental stewardship to some degree as a result of all programs, but the extent of this is tied to programs’ objectives and design.     

Strong/weak limits and strong/weak differentials of multi-variable indeterminate forms. I: Deduction and geometric illustration

1. Introduction In 1696, the French mathematician L. Hospital published a thesis titled Infinitesimal Analysis which dealt with differential and integral calculus created by Newton and Leibniz. The thesis attracted much worldwide attention on its appearance, especially Hospital抯 creation so called 揹ifferential solution method for unitary indeterminate form?is till popular. The author acquired in early 1936 that 22xyzxy=+ is the indeterminate form when P(x,y) O (0,0), and that dtandyykxxa…     

旧中国中华邮政的统一与发展述论(1912-1937)

大清邮政建立以后的很长时间,仍然存在着与邮政平行的其他通信组织,即国家邮驿、民信局和“客邮”局。民国时期,在邮政当局的积极整顿下,中华邮政逐步取代这些通信组织并实现统一。由于中华邮政始终保持着全国集中统一管理,因此在中华邮政建立后20多年中,发展比较健康和迅速,成为近代邮政发展的最好时期。中华邮政的统一和发展,同时也对近代国民经济产生了积极的影响。     

Which males or females are most at risk and on what? An analysis of gender differentials within the primary school system of Trinidad and Tobago

This paper reviews the work on gendered achievement in the English‐speaking Caribbean, with its often explicit focus on underachieving males. However, patterns of gendered achievement are more likely region‐specific and variegated in some contexts. In Trinidad and Tobago, the full‐scale implementation of national assessments in 2004 provided an opportunity to evaluate mathematics and language performance across the entire pupil population at standards 1 (7‐ to 8‐year‐olds) and 3 (9‐ to 10‐year‐olds). Census data from the high‐stakes 2003 Secondary Entrance Assessment (SEA) administered at standard 5 (ages: 10–11+) were also included in the analysis. Therefore the entire dataset consisted of 52,284 primary school students (26,574 males and 25,710 females). The findings confirmed that female pupils had a statistically significant advantage on all assessments. However, in terms of practical significance, most differentials were negligible to small. Medium‐sized differentials were obtained for pupils of low ability, living in rural educational districts, and on language arts. Male achievement scores were also more variable for lower grade levels, low ability groups and language arts. Paradoxically, in some educational districts secondary school placement opportunities still favoured males. These variegated patterns of gendered achievement may be associated with differences in institutional effectiveness and variations in male socialization practices that are especially evident across the urban–rural divide.