影响儿童语言学习的外在因素:构式语法与斯金纳的对话

儿童语言学习深受外在因素的影响.构式语法认为语言学习是"基于使用"的发展过程,强调外界语言输入对儿童语言心理表征及儿童语言发展的重要作用.斯金纳在言语行为理论中认为外在因素与儿童语言学习是多重双向互动关系,儿童语言学习中的"言语事件"不是单纯的外在输入,还包括语言产出及其前因后果.与"基于使用"的语言学习理论相比,虽然言语行为理论没有说明儿童的认知发展与语言发展的关系,但是两种理论都强调了外在因素在儿童语言发展中的重要作用.外在环境中的语言频率和形式--功能一致性是儿童语言发展的基础,儿童在简单语言的基拙上通过学习逐步达到语言使用的创造性.言语行为理论为构式语法的语言学习理论提供了有益的补充,可以为构式语法将来研究不同交际任务要求与儿童内部认知能力发展之间的互动提供值得借鉴的理论框架.     

桑代克和斯金纳在学习理论上的共通性

桑代克是联结主义者,斯金纳是绝对行为主义论者,但二者基于刺激-反应问题上有很多相似之处.文章以学习论为切入点,从基本立场、强化理论、迁移观、将动物实验的研究结论推广到人类学习等问题做出初步论述.     

The Ph.D. versus the Ed.D.: Time for a decision

In this study, U.S. institutions that offer doctoral programs in education were surveyed and institutional catalogues of the past decade were reviewed to determine trends regarding the Ph.D. versus the Ed.D. Results of the study showed that (a) there is no clear institutional movement toward one degree title or the other; (b) research universities are increasingly reluctant and comprehensive colleges and universities are increasingly likely to offer the Ed.D. as their only doctoral degree title, and (c) requirements for the two doctoral titles are remarkably similar, including competencies in research and statistics. Findings are discussed in relation to three common positions of those who favor the Ed.D. over the Ph.D.: (a) the professional school argument, (b) the unification argument, and (c) the autonomy argument. The article concludes with a call for increased national dialogue to strengthen the education profession by reducing confusion between its two doctoral degree titles.Russell T. Osguthorpe, Associate Dean of Brigham Young University's College of Education, has done research in special education, instructional design and technology, and teacher education. He is presently responsible for graduate programs, research, and technology in the College. Dr. Osguthorpe received his education at Brigham Young University. Mei Jiuan Wong, a doctoral candidate in the Department of Instructional Science, Brigham Young University, has done research on instructional design and technology and teacher education. She is currently completing her dissertation on decision making in instructional design.     

Within-Year Retention Among Ph.D. Students: The Effect of Debt,Assistantships, and Fellowships

This study employs the 2007–2008 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study and the National Research Center’s survey data, “A Data-Based Assessment of Research-Doctorate Programs in the United States,” to investigate the (1) the effects of debt in relation to tuition and fees paid and (2) the effects of teaching assistantships, research assistantships, and fellowships on within year retention among Ph.D. students. We created an innovative conceptual model for this study by merging a socioeconomic model for graduate students and a graduate student socialization model. We used propensity score weights for estimating average treatment effects and average treatment effect on the treated as well as a series of control and balancing variables. This study provides timely insights into which of these financial strategies are likely to improve the already low doctoral retention rates nationwide. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that includes proxies of socialization variables in examining the role of various funding mechanisms in doctoral retention using a national representative dataset.     

The Italian Ph.D ten years on: Educational,scientific and occupational outcomes

Higher Education - The doctorate in Italy is a new institution. In this paper we present the results of an investigation that attempts to assess the experience from three main points of view: (i)...     

The production of Ph.D.'s in chemistry

Data for 434 graduate faculty members of U.S. departments of chemistry during 1954–57 show that the distribution of new Ph.D. production is positively skewed with a level of inequality similar to that of the production of publications. Ph.D. production has moderate positive associations with measures of recognition and eminence, but an exploratory regression analysis of its determinants shows a surprisingly large independent effect for academic rank. Also examined are the determinants of the number of Ph.D.'s produced who later obtain positions that emphasize publishing and the total amount of recognition received by a faculty member's Ph.D.'s about a decade after their degrees. Some implications of the results are discussed as they apply to an understanding of the social organization of chemistry and the generalizability of the results to other disciplines.