自然资源分类：从理论到实践、从学理到管理

自然资源分类对自然资源管理和资源科学学科体系建设与发展具有重要科学价值与现实意义。基于自然资源的科学内涵,通过追踪公开发表的中英文文献,从理论到实践,系统梳理与对比分析了自然资源的传统与经典、学理与属性、法理与管理等分类特征及其发展。综述表明：自然资源分类聚焦于学理、法理和管理三方面,在学理分类上国内外保持相对一致性,但法理与管理分类上差异较大;现行分类存在体系繁多、边界重叠、交叉重复等问题。国际上,20世纪初期以前单门类或特定区域资源分类研究已相当深入,自然资源分类成为资源科学研究的主要内容之一;1960年代以来,日臻完善的资源科学学科体系推动自然资源分类研究进入新的发展时期,地理学、资源学、生态学、经济学、环境科学等分类思想“群星荟萃”,尽管迄今仍未形成统一的自然资源分类体系,但已构成自然资源学理分类的思想基础。在中国,自然资源分类研究大抵以20世纪50—60年代开展的自然资源综合科学考察为分水岭,单门类资源分类研究发展较快、综合分类体系初见端倪;系统性、综合性的分类研究始于20世纪末期,以中国自然资源学会成立及《中国资源科学百科全书》问世为重要标志,尤以自然资源属性和用途的多级分类方法应用广泛。目前国内总体处于统一自然资源分类探索阶段,在政策层面已得到自然资源部等部门的高度重视。鉴于此,有必要科学认识和厘清不同自然资源分类的特征与作用,以期对自然资源分类标准化和自然资源管理现代化有所裨益。     

对MBA教育的认识与实践

讨论了MBA教育的历史与现状及在中国大陆的发展,探讨了MBA的课程设置,研究方向,论文撰写,培养质量及社会主义市场经济对MBA人才的需要。     

Embedded knowledge management: towards improved managerial relevance

Despite the large volume of research and managerial literature on knowledge management, many practitioners seem to find it difficult to appreciate its added value for their managerial work. This paper aims to understand and elaborate the added value that knowledge management as a managerial approach can bring to the management of knowledge-intensive organizations. This study explores empirically the actual management practices of a knowledge-intensive organization and examines how knowledge-related phenomena are managed as embedded aspects of management. This paper makes a contribution to prior discussions concerning the relevance of knowledge management and the role of knowledge management as an embedded management practice. The findings of this study should be useful in explaining practitioners the nature, relevance and value of knowledge management.     

A knowledge management approach to capture organizational learning networks

Effective knowledge management practices in organizations are focused on knowledge creation and knowledge transfer activities. Thus, intelligence and competencies matters at the organizational workplace. For most knowledge intensive organizations is fundamental the continuous availability and development of domain expertise. This paper describes an ongoing research project to develop an organizational knowledge architecture that is being specified and developed to support collaboration tasks as well as design and model predictive data analysis and insights for organizational development. The primary goal of this research is to create a suitable architecture for use, initially, in intranet (corporate portal) collaborative procedures, but also scalable for later use in more generic forms of ontology-driven knowledge management systems. The designed architecture and functionalities aim to create coherent web data layers for intranet learning and predictive analysis, defining the vocabulary and semantics for knowledge sharing and reuse projects. Regarding intellectual capital definition, this research argues that effective knowledge management are based on the dynamic nature of the organizational knowledge, and predictive data analysis and insights identification can transform and add value to an organization. This paper presents a knowledge management and engineering perspective (ontology based) for the application of predictive analysis and insights at the organizational (corporate) workplace towards the development of the organizational learning network.     

实践社区--知识管理的新趋势

实践社区是实现知识转移和共享的有效途径,对组织绩效的提高有着重要的战略价值。企业要发展和培育实践社区．可以从下面几个方面入手：大力发掘社区的核心人物——社区的组织、维护和协调者;使社区活动合法化,并积极提供活动的时间、场地、资源和环境;认识其战略价值,纳入组织的战略方向;协调好组织中影响实践社区发展的因素;鼓励成员将知识运用到实践中去,保持社区的高效运作。     

Science-based innovation: the blind spot of knowledge management theory

Knowledge Management Research & Practice - This paper argues that knowledge management theory needs to explore the literature on how science-based work is organized, managed, and monitored. To...     

英国知识要素参与分配的实践与思考

从２０世纪初著名的经济学家马歇尔（Ｍａｒｓｈａｌｌ）提出“知识是经济发展的首要引擎”的论断到今天，知识在推动经济增长方面已显示出巨大驱动力。许多有识之士把今天由知识经济引发的变革等同于１８世纪瓦特发明蒸汽机所引发的世界工业革命，其寓意不可不谓深远。知识经济正在快步向我们走来，它所带来的变革将是巨大和深远的。首先知识的创造和开发成为人类创造财富的重要方式；推动世界经济由传统的物质资源驱动向知识资源驱动的转变；极大地压缩了世界经济地理空间，加剧了竞争；影响并改变世界传统资源力量对比。 英国作为老牌资…     

超越知识管理:知识治理理论的概念、框架及应用

从知识过程的有效组织的现实重要性以及知识管理对此研究存在的困境入手,分析了知识治理理论提出的必要性,对知识治理理论的概念、理论基础和基本思想进行了阐释。从治理角度出发,选择正式的组织机制,显著地影响非正式的组织实践,以最优化知识的生产和利用构成知识治理理论的基本特征。在上述分析的基础上,提出了一个系统的知识治理分析框架。最后,就知识治理理论的应用问题进行了初步的分析。     

面向自主创新的知识集成管理研究

自主创新能力的培养和提升离不开坚实的知识和人才基础。文章在研究分析有关知识集成管理和自主创新理论与实践的基础上,将知识集成创新的思想引入到自主创新理论之中,提出了企业自主创新知识集成管理系统,该系统能更好更快地实现企业自主创新的目标。     

Developing capabilities in new ventures: a knowledge management approach

On the basis of a knowledge management perspective, this paper expands the literature on new ventures’ capabilities by considering how these firms fill knowledge gaps and develop the technological, marketing, management, and ICT capabilities they need to compete. In particular, this paper investigates the role of networks in these dynamics. Although new technology-based firms have great potential to introduce innovative products into the market, they might suffer from more critical knowledge gaps and capability weaknesses than established firms. The results of a quantitative investigation of an original data set of more than 400 Italian new ventures specializing in high-tech industries show that these firms acquire knowledge to support their capability growth mainly through the management of intense relations with multiple external sources of knowledge. In addition, capability development is supported by the variety of founders’ industry experience and the presence of young graduates among the founding team.     

The value creation cycle: moving towards a framework for knowledge management implementation

Researchers have emphasized on the need for advances in knowledge management (KM) research to better understand how organizations accrue benefits from their knowledge resources. Thus, an integrated approach, rooted in the theoretical streams of knowledge-based view, KM and institutional theory, is proposed to explain how a successful KM program creates value. The approach discusses four organizational capabilities that firms need to develop simultaneously to create KM-enabled value, and identifies possible organizational actions to develop these capabilities. Various feedback and feed-forward processes, originating inside as well as outside the firm, integrate these capabilities into a KM-enabled value creation cycle (VCC). Key propositions were developed, and were examined with the help of three case studies.     

基于知识与过程集成的产品开发项目风险管理研究

为提高新产品研发效率、加强项目沟通,产品开发项目中各职能部门井行工作模式导致项目集成风险管理的产生和发展;而产品开发项目风险管理本身是一个知识管理系统,风险管理过程实质上是各种知识综合运用、交互作用的过程.在对知识和风险的内在关系进行深入分析的基础上,构建了基于知识和过程的产品开发项目风险集成管理模型.     

Narrating Your Work: an approach to supporting knowledge sharing in virtual teams

We propose an approach to enhancing knowledge sharing and connectedness in distributed teams. Termed ‘Narrating Your Work’ (NYW), the approach involves members of distributed team using a microblogging tool to post regular updates about their current work, accomplishments, and issues. The NYW approach was evaluated within a geographically and temporally distributed team at Shell International for a period of one month, using a mixed-method research design. Methodology comprised of a quantitative survey, followed by semi-structured interviews and analysis of microblogging updates posted during the month in which the approach was being trialled. The evaluation results suggest that NYW was viewed as a valid and practical approach to enhancing knowledge sharing and connectedness. A range of barriers and enablers that could impact the future application and embedding of the approach are identified and recommendations for implementation are outlined.     

Enabling integrated knowledge acquisition and management in health care teams

Basing treatment, policy and planning decisions on the best available research knowledge remains a central principle in modern health care around the world, yet many health professionals find acquiring and managing published research knowledge challenging. In this paper, we report on a Soft Systems Methodology-based collaborative action research initiative with a specialist mental health service from the United Kingdom's National Health Service. Our objective was to design and implement improvements to their knowledge acquisition and management activities in order to facilitate sustained and effective evidence-based practices. We report on both the factors found to impede effective research knowledge acquisition and management and the development of more integrated knowledge management processes designed to improve the situation.     

Knowledge management system: an agent-based approach

Knowledge Management Research & Practice - Knowledge is an important asset in any enterprise because of global competition and the rapid development of information technology. Knowledge...     

Innovating strategically in information and knowledge management: Applications of organizational behavior theory

A business school declares its strategy as becoming a leading European institution. As main vehicle for achieving recognition is the implementation of a top-down strategy naming five academic fields as key – (a) finance, (b) economics, (c) marketing, (d) law, accounting, and auditing, and (e) organizational behavior (OB). Top management allocates resources for research, academic activities, and positions to these five strategically chosen areas. Academic areas that are not strategically named must generate their own income through educational programs and research grants. Can OB serve as the platform to ensure the survival of IS/KMS? In our analysis, we found no other business school formulating a strategy along these lines; dominating strategic themes are internationalization, research excellence, and student environment. No academic field is singled out as strategic. We argue that selecting a few academic areas as a strategy is dysfunctional. We also found that OB is not very actively employed in research, be it positioning, theory, research model, analysis, or discussion. Hence, we do not find that OB offers any theorizing help to IS/KMS – this in contrast to innovation and change theories, for which we propose an framework as a means of defining IS/KMS research projects.     

Trust as an antecedent to knowledge sharing in virtual communities of practice

This study focusses on the role of trust in knowledge sharing within the context of virtual communities of practice. Trust is widely accepted as an important enabler of knowledge management (KM) processes. We conceptualise trust across three dimensions, namely: competence, integrity and benevolence; we test hypotheses as to the effect of these facets of trust on knowledge sharing by surveying an intra-organisational global virtual community of practitioners. The results indicate that all three dimensions of trust are positively related to knowledge-sharing behaviour. Trust based on the perceived integrity of the community was found to be the strongest predictor of knowledge-sharing behaviour. Our findings suggest that the dimensions of trust buttress each other; although they are theoretically distinct, they appear to be empirically inseparable. We propose that in order for knowledge sharing to be enabled, trust must concurrently exist in all three dimensions. Implication to organisations in their recruitment policy is to include competence, integrity and benevolence in their sought-for attributes of new employees. KM practitioners also have to encourage these attributes in existing employees, who are potential members of on-line communities of practice. Knowledge sharing itself was conceptualised with three components – quantity (frequency), quality (usefulness or value) and focus (the degree to which an individual feels that they engage in knowledge sharing). Of the three components, focus exhibits the most significant relationship with trust factors. This finding makes knowledge sharing less tangible than perhaps would be expected. It suggests that establishing whether knowledge has been shared is more than counting the frequency or trying to evaluate the usefulness of the shared knowledge. These aspects are important especially to management, but to the individual who shares knowledge, her feelings of having shared knowledge appear to be more important. With the current understanding that knowledge sharing is more of a human activity than technology, it is important that any information system should be assistive in boosting users’ confidence that they are indeed sharing knowledge. If the systems do not re-enforce the users’ knowledge-sharing orientation, knowledge sharing may be discouraged. Notwithstanding the point made about knowledge-sharing focus, it is necessary to take into consideration all the components of knowledge sharing to fully capture the concept. This was well indicated when the combined variable of all (rather than individual) knowledge-sharing items had the strongest correlation with trust factors.

     

知识型组织智力资源管理新论

本文针对智力资源管理问题,基于CAS与ICAS理论,导出知识型组织智力资源的“有控自组”管理理念,并提出了组织智力资源管理的环境创设机制、资源共享机制与智力涌现调控机制。此项研究,对知识型组织实施知识创新管理具有重要现实意义。     

知识发酵——知识管理的仿生学理论初探

知识活动的核心环节与生物发酵过程具有很大的相似性。知识的获取、创新和传播都是在某种动议的引导下,在已有知识的基础上,通过人的一系列能动的思维逻辑活动,所导致的某些局部的知识增长。揭示知识活动核心环节即知识发酵过程的基本原理,按照影响知识发酵效率的各种因素的层次结构和作用方式的思路进行分析研究,是建立知识管理学科系统框架的有效途径。