库恩与女性主义科学论

库恩的《科学革命的结构》以自然主义的行文风格将科学发展中的心理、社会、历史因素的重要性展现在世人面前。为了克服相对主义的困难,后期的库恩转向了先验的语言学研究,试图在其中寻找科学的坚实的基础。受库恩影响而蓬勃发展的女性主义科学论研究在面对与库恩类似的难题时,选择了不同的解决方案。女性主义科学论从女性主义一贯关注的生理/社会性别的探讨中汲取养分,强调物质因素的重要性,近年来,出现了自然主义及本体论转向。     

女性身份差异性与科学文化多元性——基于女性主义科技史研究的理论基础

20世纪90年代之后,女性主义学术和科学元勘领域最重要的进展莫过于女性主义对女性身份差异性的认知以及科学元勘领域对科学文化多元性的强调。女性身份差异性与科学文化多元性这两种观念虽分别发端于不同的学术领域,却具有内在的一致性,并最终在女性主义科学元勘这一交叉点上实现融合。对女性身份差异性与科学文化多元性的认知与强调,为女性主义科技史研究提供了新的理论基础和编史方向。     

“科学大战”与性别视角下的科学

“科学大战”(Sc ience W ar)最本质的冲突,是科学与人文的分裂及其带来的矛盾。分裂的根源在于它们的研究者们的“傲慢与偏见”,消除偏见的最有效的方法莫过于双方共同努力去进行沟通,去真正了解对方。鉴于以上原因,笔者针对我国学界对女性主义关于科学与性别的研究的误解甚至是曲解,介绍了女性主义的科学观,指出女性主义对科学与性别的批判并不是对科学的客观性和科学理性的彻底否定,更没有对科学的发展造成破坏作用,而是为了对以男性为中心的科学领域提供一种平衡的影响,使科学更健康地发展。     

性别与哲学——女性主义哲学的当代发展

女性主义哲学家将性别议题放入哲学思想史中,指出哲学具有厌女症和排斥女性的阳刚特质.而当代女性主义哲学的挑战,首先关注的是女性哲学家的缺失,然后必须要做的便是对传统哲学进行彻底的批判,包括对科学哲学、伦理学和政治哲学等的批判;紧接着是建构和发展女性主义哲学的观点.女性主义哲学家在确立女性主义哲学价值的同时,也正视女性主义哲学发展所面临的困境,尝试探索出女性哲学发言的环境,并改变女性主义哲学研究边缘化的现状.     

科学教师专业发展的性别再生产图景

科学教师的知识结构与专业匹配是当前中小学科学科目教学备受非议与关注的焦点,渗透在其中的性别问题更是成为制约科学科目日常教学与科学教师专业发展的困境.文章尝试突破为性别刻板印象所遮蔽的科学教师专业发展研究,基于性别社会学理论来探究社会性别分工对女性科学教师专业发展的影响.研究采用问卷调查走进行动主体,阐明科学教师教育现状,通过访谈探析科学教师的职后专业发展现状,厘清其专业发展的社会结构性成因,梳理女性科学教师专业发展的行动逻辑.研究发现:学科性别隔离与职业性别区隔的双重桎梏加剧了女性科学教师的弱势地位,科学教师需要打破性别藩篱,从组织制度生活中和社会性别建构缝隙中寻找专业发展的可能路径.     

论高等教育中学科专业的性别隔离

学术界关于高等教育中学科专业的性别隔离主要有两种解释:一是生物本质主义的解释,它主要以两性的生理差异和心理差异为认识基础来阐释学科专业中的性别差异;二是女性主义的解释,它认为,学科的性别隔离是社会意识形态、权力系统和利益基础在学科领域的表现,是社会文化建构的结果。女性主义的阐释为解决这一问题提供了新的思路和策略。     

论耶利内克笔下娜拉的气质书写

在后现代女性主义运动的推动下,女性文学及其性别研究得到了蓬勃的发展。作为女性主义者,奥地利作家耶利内克在剧作《娜拉离开丈夫以后,又名社会支柱》中刻画女主人公娜拉的生动形象,从社会性别建构的角度出发,重点表现其身上兼具的女性气质与男性气质的文学特征,充分显示出女性气质书写在女性主义文学批评中的实践价值。     

女性主义文学批评的几个关键词在中国的嬗变

女性主义文学批评在中国已有了近30年的发展历程,经历了"女性文学"到"女性主义文学",从"女权主义批评"到"女性主义批评",从"女性意识"到"社会性别",从"女性主义文学批评"到"性别诗学"."女性文学"是一个颇具争议和歧义的文学概念,并且造成了批评与阐释的困难;相比而言,"女性主义文学"的内涵和外延更为明确和清晰."女权主义"代表了西方早期妇女运动争取男女平等的斗争,偏重于政治和斗争性;而"女性主义"则深受西方后结构主义影响,偏重于文学、文化."女性意识"带有"性别本质论"色彩,以"社会性别"替代"女性意识"必将给女性主义批评研究带来更加广阔的话语空间.为了走出"女性主义文学批评"在世纪之交面,临的困境与危机,"性别诗学"学说被适时引进.但理论化、系统化、学科化、具有中国特色的"性别诗学"尚需建构.     

女性主义科学观的演变

女性主义作为一个学术思潮介入科学领域,并以其独特的性别视角对科学作了全面反思.文章介绍了各个女性主义流派的科学观的演变过程、原因以及对此的看法.     

从女性主义批评到性别批评

性别批评作为一个整合的研究模式,是对女性主义批评的扬弃和发展。性别批评的发展使文学研究扩展到社会性别现象之中,从而对文学作品中的女性和男性的性别建构进行社会文化分析。     

女性主义视野中的科学史

女性主义者认为,科学并不是价值中立和性别无涉的,科学史中蕴含着性别密码,近现代科学负载着男性价值和男性品质,这导致了千百年来女性在科学中的相对缺席。科学史是一部充满男性中心主义的历史,必须通过勘误与修正,重构科学史和科学发展的真实图景。女性主义的这种观点丰富了科学史,为科学史的研究开辟了新的理论视角,但是,由于过于强调其特有的女性主义立场和原则而忽视了自然科学自身的规律性,女性主义科学史观也受到了学界的批评与诘问。     

莱恩·内尔森的女性主义自然主义科学哲学观探析

基于对莱恩·内尔森的女性主义自然主义科学哲学作一些梳理与阐释,聚焦于内尔森的女性主义自然主义经验论、女性主义社会认识论两方面,以期阐明内尔森关于女性主义自然主义科学哲学的内涵,进而深入认识自然主义科学哲学理论.     

Connected Knowledge in Science and Mathematics Education

While the traditional meaning of connected knowledge is valuable in some school subjects, it does not address the main activities of knowledge acquisition in subjects such as physics and mathematics. The goal of this article is to analyze the relationships between the concepts “learning for understanding” and “connected knowledge”, a central theme in feminist epistemology. In learning for understanding, the learner forms multiple, intricate connections among the concepts she is studying in school, between school concepts and her everyday concepts, and between school concepts and their wider context. Viewing connected knowledge as tightly related to understanding has several important implications. It brings connected knowledge into the central learning activities that take place in school science and mathematics, and gives it a high status. It contributes to our understanding of gender‐related patterns in thinking; and it may form a unifying theoretical framework for many studies and projects in the field of gender fair education.     

Gender inclusive Curricula: A focus on two responses

One of the requirements of the New Zealand Curriculum Framework (Ministry of Education, 1993a) is that all curricula developed in New Zealand must be gender inclusive. Developers of the recently released science curriculum, and the draft technology curriculum, have responded to this requirement in different ways. In this paper I discuss a theorisation of the term ‘gender inclusive’ within national curriculum development generally, and explore and analyse these different responses within the specific context of the science and technology curriculum developments. Particular emphasis is placed on the historical difference between science education and technology education in New Zealand schools, and on the impact theoretical discourses have on the way in which terms such as ‘gender inclusive curricula’ are conceptualised, and viewed as appropriate, or not, for specific purposes. Specializations: feminist theory, science education, technology education, technology curriculum development.     

The most difficult career: Women's history in science

A short review of current feminist philosophy on the relationship between women and science is followed by a survey of recent work in the history of women's involvement in the sciences. The reasons for the late development of this sub‐field are explained, and the most recent work in it summarized. It is emphasized that women's history in science challenges received wisdom in both the history of science as ‘professionalization’ and current feminist philosophy, which, it is argued, proceeds from an insufficient concern with the historical diversity and complexity of women's relations with science.     

Whose STEM? Disrupting the Gender Crisis Within STEM

This article challenges implicit understandings of scientific inquiry and gender within contemporary responses to the underrepresentation of women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Failing to recognize the gendered history of science, and thus STEM disciplines, we argue that much research and curricular interventions are overly invested in simply providing women institutional access to or creating feminized environments within STEM. Such shortsighted analyses lead to processes we term gender washing and painting pink, both of which diminish the possibilities for meaningful engagement with gendered ontologies within scientific inquiry. Working from important and diverse strands of feminist theory, we suggest that serious considerations of women and STEM must include a framework that critically engages the entanglement of gender and science. We conclude that a focused and intentional analysis of gender and scientific inquiry, that opposes constructions of STEM as fixed entities to simply be imparted or made accessible to women, has important implications for understanding science as a (post) human endeavor.     

Science Education for Women: Situated Cognition,Feminist Standpoint Theory,and the Status of Women in Science

This paper examines the relation between situated cognition theory in science education, and feminist standpoint theory in philosophy of science. It shows that situated cognition is an idea borrowed from a long since discredited philosophy of science. It argues that feminist standpoint theory ought not be indulged as it is a failed challenge to traditional philosophy of science. Standpoint theory diverts attention away from the abiding educational and career needs of women in science. In the interest of women in science, and in the interest of science, science educators would do best for their constituencies by a return to feminist philosophy understood as the demand for equal access and a level playing field for women in science and society.

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Gendered education in a gendered world: looking beyond cosmetic solutions to the gender gap in science

Young people in countries considered to be at the forefront of gender equity still tend to choose very traditional science subjects and careers. This is particularly the case in science, technology, engineering and mathematics subjects (STEM), which are largely male dominated. This article uses feminist critiques of science and science education to explore the underlying gendered assumptions of a research project aiming to contribute to improving recruitment, retention and gender equity patterns in STEM educations and careers. Much research has been carried out to understand this gender gap phenomenon as well as to suggest measures to reduce its occurrence. A significant portion of this research has focused on detecting the typical “female” and “male” interest in science and has consequently suggested that adjustments be made to science education to cater for these interests. This article argues that adjusting science subjects to match perceived typical girls’ and boys’ interests risks being ineffective, as it contributes to the imposition of stereotyped gender identity formation thereby also imposing the gender differences that these adjustments were intended to overcome. This article also argues that different ways of addressing gender issues in science education themselves reflects different notions of gender and science. Thus in order to reduce gender inequities in science these implicit notions of gender and science have to be made explicit. The article begins with an overview of the current situation regarding gender equity in some so- called gender equal countries. We then present three perspectives from feminist critiques of science on how gender can be seen to impact on science and science education. Thereafter we analyze recommendations from a contemporary research project to explore which of these perspectives is most prevalent.     

From professional lives to inclusive practice: Science teachers and scientists' views of gender and ethnicity in science education

To provide insight into issues of gender and ethnicity in science education, we examine the views of approximately 60 secondary science teachers and university scientists from three different research projects. In each project, participants and researcher explored the intersection of professional and personal identities; views of the nature of science; beliefs related to students' experiences in science education; and kinds of curricular and instructional strategies used to promote access and equity for all students. Participants' interviews were analyzed qualitatively for patterns across these four dimensions of inclusive science education. Analysis of data revealed a wide range of beliefs and experiences along each dimension. From our findings, we argue for careful examination of the ways identities shape instructors' professional experiences and educational practices; critical, constructive conversations about feminist science studies scholarship between professional developers and science teachers or scientists; and reasoned reflection on how views of students can inform recommendations for inclusive content and instruction. We conclude with the call for increased sophistication in the conceptualization and implementation of solutions to the “problem” of women and ethnic minorities in science education, for balancing recognition of systematic gender and ethnic bias with sensitivity to instructors and students' diverse interests and experiences. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 37: 511–547, 2000