Re-examining the impact of dropping out on criminal and labor outcomes in early adulthood

This paper shows that while high school dropouts fare far worse on average than otherwise similar high school completers in early adulthood outcomes such as success in the labor market and future criminal activity, there are important differences within this group of dropouts. Notably, those who feel “pulled” out of school (i.e., they say they dropped out of school to work or take care of family) do similarly with respect to labor market and criminal outcomes in their early twenties to individuals with similar pre-dropout characteristics who complete high school. It is only those who feel they are more “pushed” out of school (i.e., they say they drop out for other reasons including expulsion, poor grades, moving, and not liking school) who do substantially worse than otherwise similar high school completers. These results suggest that any detrimental impacts from dropping out of school arise primarily when the drop out does not have a plan for how to use his time after dropping out.     

An Analysis of Primary School Dropout Patterns in Honduras

This study hypothesized that repeating a grade is one reason why Honduran primary students drop out of school but not the main reason. Using longitudinal data, we analyzed student enrollment patterns up until students left school. The results revealed that many students dropped out suddenly without having previously repeated a grade, although many dropouts had also repeated a grade at some point, and repeating a grade experience was not among the most frequently appearing dropout patterns in any of the completed grades. The findings indicated that low expectations of education and the need to enter the labor market were causes of immediate dropout.     

高校扩招政策降低了城镇劳动力的大学教育溢价吗？——基于反事实选择的因果关系推断

本文采用北京师范大学收入分配研究院提供的两轮收入调查数据,采用微观计量实证研究方法,基于教育选择的反事实选择框架,揭示了高校扩招政策与城镇劳动力大学教育溢价间的因果关系。结果发现:通过基准回归估算出整体教育回报率由2007年的7.1%上升到2013年的9.1%,分教育层级回归揭示了大学教育收益率在扩招政策前后均高于高中教育阶段,但在利用工具变量法纠正了内生性偏估后,城镇劳动力的整体教育回报率由14.1%下降到了9.1%,而纠正了自选择偏差后,整体教育回报率则由2007年的5%上升到了2013年的10.7%;利用倾向得分匹配法实现数据平衡后,通过平均处理效应估算出大学教育的年收益率由2007年的9.5%~9.75%上升到了2013年的11.425%~11.925%,验证了扩招政策并未降低城镇劳动力的大学教育溢价。基于此,本文提出,通过人力资本梯度升级至研究生教育层级,逐渐收敛由市场因素与人力资本因素引致的城镇收入不平等。     

Graduate education and employee performance: evidence from military personnel

Few studies have examined the relationship between on-the-job productivity and graduate education using single-firm data. This paper studies the effect of graduate education on job performance using a unique micro-database consisting of military officers. Supervisor ratings and promotion probabilities are examined for professional and technical officers in the US Navy, a hierarchical organization with an internal labor market and up-or-out promotion policies. Single-stage estimates indicate that, among those eligible to be considered for promotion to grade 4, the up-or-out point, those with any graduate degree are more likely to be promoted. The effect is especially pronounced for those who receive a degree via the Navy's sponsored, full-time program. However, when instruments that are uncorrelated with promotion are used to predict graduate degree status, the results suggest that a sizeable portion of the relationship between graduate education and promotion is due to unobserved attributes that lead some people to attend (or to be selected for) graduate school and to be more promotable. The selection-corrected estimates of the promotion effect of graduate education are reduced by between 40 and 50%. [JEL I21, J24]     

农村初中学生辍学问题研究

通过对发达地区、中等发达地区和欠发达地区及少数民族地区辍学1至3年的101名初中辍学学生的调查,发现有47%的学生辍学是因为学习方面的原因,21%的学生辍学是因为家庭经济方面的原因,因为家庭发生突发事件辍学的学生占10%,其余学生辍学的原因包括师生关系、同伴关系、亲子关系不良等。可见社会、学校和家庭的不良影响是导致辍学的外部客观原因,而学生自身的心理行为问题和学业不良是导致辍学的内部主观原因;不良的同伴关系、师生关系、亲子关系是导致辍学的中介因素。因此,应加大政府支持和资助的力度,为防止辍学提供政策性支持,同时,要改善就学环境,加强学校与社区、家庭的合作,重视学习不良的学生,为防止辍学营造良好的周围环境。     

利用本土社会资源推进初中生劳动教育的思考

针对初中生劳动教育活动中的问题,教师应在实践中不断地探索和建设劳动教育模式,进一步解决学生在劳动教育实践中产生的问题,进一步创新对学生劳动教育活动的内容和方式。笔者对初中生劳动教育的现状进行了观察和分析,并寻找推进劳动教育的有效形式和方法,从而得出规律性的结论。     

Labor Market Returns for Graduates of Hispanic-Serving Institutions

Latinos have become the largest minority group in American postsecondary education, a majority of whom attend two- or four-year Hispanic-Serving Institutions (HSIs). However, little is known about labor market outcomes as result of attending these institutions. Using a unique student-level administrative database in Texas, and accounting for college selectivity, we examine whether attending an HSI influences labor market outcomes ten years after high school graduation for Latino students in Texas. We find no difference in the earnings of Hispanic graduates from HSIs and non-HSIs. This analysis represents one of the first to examine the labor market outcomes for Latino students in this sector of education accounting for critical factors that include a student’s high school and community context.     

教育对经济增长作用：基于中国省际面板数据EBA模型的实证研究

依据内生增长理论,运用极值边界模型（EBA模型）,采用中国30个省2000年～2010年省际面板数据,实证研究教育对经济增长的“稳健性”的显著关系。研究表明教育支出、每百人大学生人数和中等专业学校毕业生人数对于经济增长具有抗干扰的“稳健性”显著影响;而特殊教育毕业生、普通小学毕业生、普通高中毕业生、普通初中毕业生与经济增长没有“稳健性”的显著关系,依据实证结论提出加大教育投入促进经济可持续发展的相关政策建议。     

金融危机背景下我国高中阶段教育可持续发展的应对之策

高中教育的可持续发展对于我国实现由人口大国向人力资源强国的转变具有战略性意义,同时也将对社会民众自身生命个性化的实现产生积极影响。在全球金融危机背景下,解决我国高中教育可持续发展的应对之策是：健全劳动力市场,保障家庭投资高中教育的预期收益;完善教育法律、法规,为我国高中教育可持续发展提供明确的法律保障;抓住国家“万商西进”发展机遇,创造条件吸引东部投资参与我国中西部高中教育事业;有限让渡教育权力,允许外资进入我国高中教育服务市场。     

Configuration of the Teacher-State Relationship: The Shanghai Experience

As one of the most prominent cases of high performing education systems in Asia, Shanghai has received widespread attention in recent years. The existing literature has shown that the formation of a high performing education system in Shanghai is closely associated with the high-quality teaching force. The purpose of this paper is to explore the experience of Shanghai in configuring the teacher-state relationship and building the teaching profession against China’s background of centralized education. Our analysis was framed around three key actors that have reshaped the relationship between teachers and State in the post-Mao era, including the establishment of teaching as a profession, schools, and the labor market. Based on policy analysis and empirical evidence from Shanghai, the research findings indicate Shanghai’s own experience in building the teaching profession, teachers’ professional well-being, and other subjective perceptions related to school management and the labor market.     

20世纪后期美国综合高中职业课程选修状况研究——美国教育部《1982——1998高中职业课程选修趋势数据分析报告》述析

1998年美国出台<帕金斯职业与应用技术修订法案>后,美国教育部相继发布了一系列职业教育数据报告,2003年发布的<1982--1998高中职业课程选修数据分析报告>便是其中之一.本文在综合分析该报告大量数据的基础上,阐述了20世纪后期美国综合高中职业课程选修情况的变化趋势,并通过分析得出结论:美国20世纪后期经济状况、劳动市场需求状况及教育改革是产生这些趋势的重要原因.     

2O世纪后期美国综合高中职业课程选修状况研究——美国教育部《1982——1998高中职业课程选修趋势数据分析报告》述析

1998年美国出台《帕金斯职业与应用技术修订法案》后，美国教育部相继发布了一系列职业教育数据报告，2003年发布的《1982——1998高中职业课程选修数据分析报告》便是其中之一。本文在综合分析该报告大量数据的基础上，阐述了20世纪后期美国综合高中职业课程选修情况的变化趋势，并通过分析得出结论：美国20世纪后期经济状况、劳动市场需求状况及教育改革是产生这些趋势的重要原因。     

家庭劳动对初中生能力发展的影响--基于CEPS数据的实证研究

基于中国教育追踪调查基线数据,研究通过构建多层线性模型,分析我国初中生家庭劳动现状,探究家庭劳动与初中生能力发展的关系。研究发现:12.1%的初中生不参与家庭劳动,且不同特征的初中生家庭劳动时间存在显著差异;1小时以内的家庭劳动有助于提高初中生学业成绩和认知能力;家庭劳动对初中生开放性、外倾性和宜人性等非认知能力有显著正向影响,有利于促进学生非认知能力的发展。因此,家长要重视劳动教育,在家庭教育中有机融入劳动教育,并且需遵循学生身心发展规律,开展合适的家庭劳动。同时,各方要积极构建以家庭为主体,以学校为引导,以社区为支持的内外交织、多元协同的家庭劳动教育体系。     

Collaboration in School-Based Consultation: Myth in Need of Data

American students, more so than at any other time in history, have the intellectual potential and opportunity to become educated, but are failing to achieve. This problem of underachievement has consequences for the future of our nation that are now and will continue to be devastating: Each class of dropouts can be expected to earn about $237 million less over a lifetime and pay $70 billion less in taxes than high school graduates (Mitgang, 1991).     

Students’ behavioural responses to a fallback option - Evidence from introducing interim degrees in german schools

Without a school degree, students can have difficulty in the labour market. To improve the lives of upper-secondary school dropouts, German states instituted a school reform that awarded an interim degree to high-track students upon completion of Grade 9. Using retrospective spell data on school careers from the National Educational Panel Study (NEPS), our difference-in-differences approach exploits the staggered implementation of this reform between 1965 and 1996. As intended, the reform reduced downgrading to lower school tracks. Surprisingly, it also increased successful high-track completion, arguably by reducing the perceived risk of trying longer to succeed in the high-track school.     

Socioeconomic school segregation in a market-oriented educational system. The case of Chile

This paper presents an empirical analysis of the socioeconomic status (SES) school segregation in Chile, whose educational system is regarded as an extreme case of a market-oriented education. The study estimated the magnitude and evolution of the SES segregation of schools at both national and local levels, and it studied the relationship between some local educational market dynamics and the observed magnitude of SES school segregation at municipal level. The main findings were: first, the magnitude of the SES segregation of both low-SES and high-SES students in Chile was very high (Duncan Index ranged from 0.50 to 0.60 in 2008); second, during the last decade, SES school segregation tended to slightly increase in Chile, especially in high schools (both public and private schools); third, private schools – including voucher schools – were more segregated than public schools for both low-SES and high-SES students; and finally, some market dynamics operating in the Chilean education (like privatization, school choice, and fee-paying) accounted for a relevant proportion of the observed variation in SES school segregation at municipal level. These findings are analyzed from an educational policy perspective in which the link between SES school segregation and market-oriented mechanisms in education plays a fundamental role.     

Is the GED an effective route to postsecondary education for school dropouts?

We use data from the Texas Schools Microdata Panel (TSMP) to examine the extent to which dropouts use the GED as a route to postsecondary education. Lacking suitable instruments that would allow us to directly address potential biases in estimating the “GED path” to postsecondary education, our approach is to base estimates on a set of academically “at risk” students who are very similar in the 8th grade. We observe that the eventual high school graduates in this group have much better postsecondary education outcomes than do the similar at-risk 8th graders who drop out and obtain a GED. We discuss potential explanations for the observed differences in the postsecondary education outcomes of the two groups.     

A Note On the Relationships Between MTAI and GZTS Scores For Three Levels of Teacher Experience

Abstract

Dropouts are not a homogeneous category, and the evidence indicates that many dropouts are capable of doing satisfactory work in high school. While some dropouts have limited intellectual ability, earn poor grades, are retarded in their grade placement, and are poor readers, many other dropouts do not face these particular problems.

Many of the apparent contradictions in the findings concerning dropouts can be resolved by distinguishing between early and late dropouts. Students with limited ability generally leave school early; capable dropouts tend to remain in school longer. Comprehension of the diverse data concerning dropouts requires specification of three types: 1) involuntary dropouts, 2) retarded dropouts, and 3) capable dropouts.     

Hochschulexpansion, Wandel der Fächerproportionen und Akademikerarbeitslosigkeit in Deutschland

The paper investigates the relationship between the expansion of higher education and the development of unemployment among higher education graduates by discipline using time series data. Our results find that the overall relationship between higher education and the world of labor is a recursive one. The relative weight of some disciplines among graduates, changes according to labor market needs, but this reaction is not immediate and subject to a delay. Other disciplines however develop independently of employment prospects. The rising proportion of graduates within these disciplines leads to pressures for change on the labor market. In both cases our data shows that the employment system absorbs the expansion of higher education graduates. This happens through a diversification of employment positions in order to accommodate the expansion of higher education graduates.     

The public returns to public educational investments in African-American males

This paper calculates the public savings (financial benefits) from greater public investments in the education of African-American males. Over one-fifth of each age cohort of black males in US is not a high school graduate. We identify five interventions that would—based on credible research—increase the graduation rate; we also report the public cost of each intervention. We then calculate the lifetime public benefits in terms of increased tax revenues and lower spending on health and crime. In present values, for a black male aged 20, these public benefits amount to $256,700 per new graduate and the median intervention would cost only $90,700. The benefit/cost ratio is 2.83. Simply equating the high school graduation rate of black males with that of white males would yield public savings of $3.98 billion for each age cohort. These results suggest that increased investments in education for black males at risk of dropping out of high school should be an economic priority.