Derived vascular endothelial cells induced by mucoepidermoid carcinoma cells: 3-dimensional collagen matrix model

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma undergoes uniquely vigorous angiogenic and neovascularization processes, possibly due to proliferation of vascular endothelial cells (ECs) induced by mucoepidermoid carcinoma cells (MCCs) in their three-dimensional (3D) microenvironment. To date, no studies have dealt with tumor cells and vascular ECs from the same origin of mucoepidermoid carcinoma using the in vitro 3D microenvironment model. In this context, the current research aims to observe neovascularization with mucoepidermoid carcinoma microvascular ECs (MCMECs) conditioned by the microenvironment in the 3D collagen matrix model. We observed the growth of MCMECs purified by immunomagnetic beads and induced by MCCs, and characteristics of tubule-like structures (TLSs) formed by induced MCMECs or non-induced MCMECs. The assessment parameters involved the growth curve, the length, the outer and inner diameters, and the wall thickness of the TLSs, and the cell cycle. Results showed that MCCs induced formation of the TLSs in the 3D collagen matrix model. A statistically significant difference was noted regarding the count of TLSs between the control group and the induction group on the 4th day of culture (t=5.00, P=0.001). The outer and inner diameters (t ₁=5.549, P ₁=0.000; t ₂=10.663, P ₂=0.000) and lengths (t=18.035, P=0.000) of the TLSs in the induction group were statistically significant larger than those in the control group. The TLSs were formed at the earlier time in the induction group compared with the control group. It is concluded that MCCs promote growth and migration of MCMECs, and formation of the TLSs. The 3D collagen matrix model with MCMECs induced by MCCs in the current research may be a favorable choice for research on pro-angiogenic factors in progression of mucoepidermoid carcinoma.     

Proliferation of endothelial cell on polytetrafluoroethylene vascular graft materials carried VEGF gene plasmid

Objective： To investigate whether vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF） gene plasmid carried by polytetrafluoroethylene （PTFE） vascular graft materials could transfect endothelial cells （ECs） and promote their growth. Methods： PTFE vascular graft materials carried with pCDI-hVEGF121, pCDI or pEGFP were incubated in Tris-buffer solution and the values of optical density of 260 nm at different time were plotted, then the DNA controlled release curve was made. ECs derived from human umbilical vein were seeded on the pCDI-hVEGF121/pCDI/pEGFP-PTFE materials or tissue culture plates, ECs numbers were counted and VEGF protein concentrations at different time were measured by enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay method. Green fluorescent protein （GFP） expression in ECs on pEGFP-PTFE materials was examined with fluorescence mi- croscopy. Results： The controlled release curve showed that the gene released from PTFE materials was rapid within 8 h, then slowed down and that the gene released continuously even after 72 h. At 24, 72 and 120 h, ECs number and proliferation rate of pCDI-hVEGFI21-PTFE materials were higher than those ofpCDI or pEGFP-PTFE materials （P〈0.05）. VEGF protein concentration of pCDI-hVEGF121-PTFE materials was higher than that of pC DI or pEGFP-PTFE materials at 6, 24, 72 and 120 h （P〈0.01）. GFP expression in ECs on the pEGFP-PTFE materials could be detected by fluorescence microscopy. Conclusion： PTFE graft can be used as a carrier of VEGF gene plasmid, VEGF gene carried by PTFE can transfect ECs and promote ECs growth.     

Therapeutic potential of traditional Chinese medicine for vascular endothelial growth factor

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is the main regulator of physiological angiogenesis during embryonic development, bone growth, and reproductive function, and it also participates in a series of pathological changes. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), with a history of more than 2000 years, has been widely used in clinical practice, while the exploration of its mechanisms has only begun. This review summarizes the research of recent years on the influence of TCM on VEGF. It is found that many Chinese medicines and recipes have a regulatory effect on VEGF, indicating that Chinese medicine has broad prospects as a complementary and alternative therapy, providing new treatment ideas for clinical applications and the theoretical basis for research on the mechanisms of TCM.     

Expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and vascular endothelial growth factor in association with neovascularization in human primary astrocytoma

Objective: To investigate the relationship between the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiogenesis in primary astrocytoma. Methods: Thirty-seven primary astrocytomas and 4 astrocytic hyperplasia samples were collected and divided into three groups according to histological grade. The expression of eNOS, VEGF and factorⅧrelated antigen (FⅧRAg) were assayed by immunohistochemistry. Microvascular density was assessed by FⅧRAg immunoreactivity. The intensity of immunoreactivity was graded according to the percentage of positive tumor cells. Results: No eNOS and VEGF were expressed in the astrocytes and vascular endothelium in astrocytic hyperplasia. The expression of eNOS or VEGF was light in low-grade astrocytoma and strong in glioblastoma. eNOS expression in astrocytoma was very positively correlated with VEGF. eNOS and VEGF expression in anaplastic astrocytoma was median in contrast to the low grade astrocytoma and glioblastoma. Lower microvascular density was found in low grade astrocytoma than that in higher grade malignant ones. The expressions of eNOS and VEGF were correlated with microvascular density and tumor malignancy. Conclusion: This finding suggests that eNOS and VEGF may have cooperative effect in tumor angiogenesis and play an important role in the pathogenesis of primary astrocytoma.     

Anti-angiogenesis effect of generation 4 polyamidoamine/vascular endothelial growth factor antisense oligodeoxynucleotide on breast cancer in vitro

Objective: To study the effects of the generation 4 polyamidoamine/vascular endothelial growth factor antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (G4PAMAMNEGFASODN) compound on the expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its mRNA of breast cancer cells and on the inhibition of vascular endothelial cells. Methods: We examined the morphology of G4PAMAM/VEGFASODN compound and its pH stability, in vitro transfection efficiency and toxicity, and the expressions of VEGF and its mRNA. Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay was used to detect the inhibitory function of the compound on vascular endothelial cells. Results: The compound was about 10 nm in diameter and was homogeneously netlike. From pH 5 to 10, it showed quite a buffered ability. The 48-h transfection rate in the charge ratio of 1:40 was 98.76%, significantly higher than that of the liposome group (P<0.05). None of the transfection products showed obvious toxicity on the cells. The expressions of both VEGF protein and its mRNA after G4PAMAM/VEGFASODN transfection decreased markedly. Conclusion: With a low toxicity, high safety, and high transfection rate, G4PAMAMNEGFASODN could be a promising gene vector. Specifically, it inhibits VEGF gene expression efficiently, laying a basis for further in vivo animal studies.     

基于微阵列技术的缺氧/复氧诱导下血管内皮细胞转录组分析

目的:应用全转录组芯片研究缺氧/复氧诱导下人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVEC)的转录组轮廓。创新点:血管内皮细胞(VEC)缺氧/复氧损伤被视定为许多生理和病理过程中导致器官功能障碍的重要驱动因素。然而,其详细病理生理机制和基因表达谱信息尚未阐明。本研究首次应用全转录组芯片技术研究VEC缺氧/复氧诱导下的转录组轮廓。方法:采用缺氧孵育3h后复氧1h的HUVEC为缺氧/复氧组,同时常氧孵育的HUVEC为常氧对照组。应用含58 339条探针的全转录组芯片检测每组三个样本。对差异表达基因进行生信分析和功能验证。结论:本研究发现372个有意义的差异表达基因探针。相关基因涵盖多种途径和功能,例如氧自由基的产生、钙超载、炎症、糖脂代谢、内皮细胞增殖、分化、细胞骨架及通透性调节、细胞裂解、凋亡和血管生成。另外,实验进一步表明,差异表达基因pleckstrin同源样域家族A成员1(PHLDA1)的m RNA和蛋白质表达结果与微阵列结果一致。STRING分析发现,PHLDA1可能与差异表达基因SLC38A3、SLC5A5、Lnc-SLC36A4-1和Lnc-PLEKHJ1-1具有物理性和/或功能性相互作用,这有望揭示VEC在缺氧/复氧环境下长链非编码RNA(lnc RNA)的相关机制。     

Berbamine inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of KU812 cells by increasing Smad3 activity

Objective  

The cytotoxic effect of berbamine on chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cell line KU812 was evaluated, and the mechanisms of its action were explored.     

Immunomodulative effects of mesenchymal stem cells derived from human embryonic stem cells in vivo and in vitro

Objective  

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have recently been reported as an unlimited source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The present study not only provides an identical and clinically compliant MSC source derived from hESCs (hESC-MSCs), but also describes the immunomodulative effects of hESC-MSCs in vitro and in vivo for a carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)-induced liver inflammation model.     

Investigation on apoptosis of neuronal cells induced by Amyloid beta-Protein

Objective: To construct a PC12 cell strain with neuronal differentiation, and observe the apoptosis and pro-liferation activity effects induced these cells by Amyloid beta-Protein (Aβ-43). Methods: 1) PC12 cells in logarithmicgrowth phase were subcultured for 24 h. After the culture fluid was changed, the cells were treated with Rat-β-NGF andcultured for 9 days. 2) Neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells in logarithmic growth phase were divided into four groups:control group (0), experimental group (1), experimental group (2) and experimental group (3). The concentrations of Aβ inthe four groups were 0 μmol/L, 1.25 μ mol/L, 2.5 μ mol/L and 5 μmol/L, respectively. The cells were harvested at 24, 48 and72 h later and stained with AnnexinV-FITC/PI after centrifugation and washing. Then flow cytometry was conducted toexamine the apoptosis percentage. 3) NGF-induced PC12 cells were selected and Aβ with different concentrations wasadded. The final concentrations of Aβ were 0 μmol/L, 1.25 μmol/L, 2.5 μmol/L and 5 μ mol/L, respectively. After the cellswere incubated in an atmosphere of 5% CO2 at 37 ℃ in an incubator for 72 h, the OD values were examined. Results: 1)Neuronal differentiated PC 12 cell lines were successfully established. 2) Flow cytometric examination indicated that Aβ(1.25, 2.5, and 5.0 μmol/L) could effectively induce apoptosis of neuronal-differented cells at the 24 h, 48 h and 72 h timepoints. 3) Aβ (0-5.00 μ mol/L) had no obvious effect on proliferation or restraining of the neuronal differentiation of thePC 12 cells after a 72 h interacting process. Conclusion: This investigation revealed successful neuronal differentiation of thePC12 cell strain. The induction of apoptosis of the neurocytes by various concentrations of Aβ was observed and the in-fluence of Aβ on induced proliferation of PC 12 cells by Rat-β-NGF was revealed. This study -05 provide basis for futureresearch on the molecular cure of AD and interdiction of AD evolution.     

CD_(40)-CD_(40)L相互作用对人脐静脉内皮细胞增殖及迁移的影响

目的探讨CD40-CD40配体相互作用对体外培养的人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVEC)增殖及迁移的影响。方法采用Ⅱ型胶原酶消化法培养人脐静脉内皮细胞,以3H-胸腺嘧啶脱氧核苷(3H-TdR)、3H-亮氨酸(3H-Leu)掺入法分别测定HUVEC增殖,内皮细胞的迁移采用琼脂糖凝胶刮取法,倒置显微镜观察。结果CD40-CD40配体相互作用能明显促进HUVEC3H-TdR、3H-Leu的掺入,两者具有时间、剂量依赖性,CD40-CD40配体相互作用随CD40L浓度的增加及刺激时间延长(30h内),能明显增加内皮细胞迁移率,an-ti-CD40单克隆抗体能明显抑制上述效应。结论CD40-CD40配体相互作用能促进内皮细胞增殖、迁移。     

转染瘦素人胎盘源间充质干细胞对经X射线辐照后人脐静脉内皮细胞的成血管潜能和周围炎症的影响

目的:放创复合伤是一种以血管损伤和促炎细胞因子缺乏为特征的难愈性创伤。瘦素(leptin)的直接应用在血管生成和炎症中起着重要作用。本研究构建了一种可持续稳定的leptin表达系统——leptin修饰的人胎盘来源间充质干细胞(HPMSCs/leptin),并探究其对经X射线辐照后的人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVECs)的成血管潜能及周围炎症的影响和潜在机制。创新点:可持续稳定的leptin表达系统(HPMSCs/leptin)促进受X射线辐照后HUVECs的成血管潜能及外周炎症反应,有助于解决放创复合伤伤口愈合过程中血管损伤和促炎因子缺乏的问题。方法:利用慢病毒载体将leptin基因转染HPMSCs获得HPMSCs/leptin。采用X射线单次照射HUVECs,剂量为20 Gy。细胞迁移侵袭实验技术(Transwell)检测照射后HUVECs的迁移情况。在Transwell体系的基础上,建立HPMSCs与受辐照HUVECs共培养体系。CCK-8比色法测定细胞增殖。酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测促炎细胞因子(粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)、白细胞介素-1α(IL-1α)、IL-6和IL-8)的分泌。实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(RT-qPCR)检测促血管生成因子(VEGF和bFGF)mRNA的表达。蛋白免疫印迹法(westernblot)检测核因子κB(NF-κB)和JAK/STAT信号通路的相关分子表达。结论:可持续稳定的leptin表达系统(HPMSCs/leptin)具有更好的细胞增殖、迁移和成血管潜能。HPMSCs/leptin单独培养和HPMSCs/leptin与受辐照HUVECs共培养体系中,促炎细胞因子的分泌增加与NF-κB和JAK/STAT信号通路的相互作用有关。HPMSCs/leptin可能促进X射线照射后HUVECs的成血管潜能和外周炎症反应。     

Piper sarmentosum as an antioxidant on oxidative stress in human umbilical vein endothelial cells induced by hydrogen peroxide

Endothelial cell death due to increased reactive oxygen species(ROS) may contribute to the initial endothelial injury,which promotes atherosclerotic lesion formation.Piper sarmentosum(PS),a natural product,has been shown to have an antioxidant property,which is hypothesized to inhibit production of ROS and prevent cell injury.Thus,the present study was designed to determine the effects of PS on the hydrogen peroxide(H2O2)-induced oxidative cell damage in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVECs).In this experiment,HUVECs were obtained by collagenase perfusion of the large vein in the umbilical cord and cultured in medium M200 supplemented with low serum growth supplementation(LSGS).HUVECs were treated with various concentrations of H2O2(0-1000 μmol/L) and it was observed that 180 μmol/L H2O2 reduced cell viability by 50% as denoted by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide(MTT) assay.Using the above concentration as the positive control,the H2O2-induced HUVECs were concomitantly treated with various concentrations(100,150,250 and 300 μg/ml) of three different extracts(aqueous,methanol and hexane) of PS.Malondialdehyde(MDA),superoxide dismutase(SOD),catalase(CAT) and glutathione peroxidase(GPX) levels showed a significant increase(P0.05) in HUVECs compared to the negative control.However,PS extracts showed a protective effect on HUVECs from H2O2-induced cell apoptosis with a significant reduction in MDA,SOD,CAT and GPX levels(P0.05).Furthermore,PS had exhibited ferric reducing antioxidant power with its high phenolic content.Hence,it was concluded that PS plays a beneficial role in reducing oxidative stress in H2O2-induced HUVECs.     

Effects of rosuvastatin on the production and activation of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and migration of cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells induced by homocysteine

Objective: To test the influence of homocysteine on the production and activation of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) and on cell migration of cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Also, to explore whether rosuvastatin can alter the abnormal secretion and activation of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 and migration of VSMCs induced by homocysteine. Methods: Rat VSMCs were incubated with different concentrations of homocysteine (50–5 000 μmol/L). Western blotting and gelatin zymography were used to investigate the expressions and activities of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 in VSMCs in culture medium when induced with homocysteine for 24, 48, and 72 h. Transwell chambers were employed to test the migratory ability of VSMCs when incubated with homocysteine for 48 h. Different concentrations of rosuvastatin (10⁻⁹–10⁻⁵ mol/L) were added when VSMCs were induced with 1 000 μmol/L homocysteine. The expressions and activities of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 were examined after incubating for 24, 48, and 72 h, and the migration of VSMCs was also examined after incubating for 48 h. Results: Homocysteine (50–1 000 μmol/L) increased the production and activation of MMP-2 and expression of TIMP-2 in a dose-dependent manner. However, when incubated with 5 000 μmol/L homocysteine, the expression of MMP-2 was up-regulated, but its activity was down-regulated. Increased homocysteine-induced production and activation of MMP-2 were reduced by rosuvastatin in a dose-dependent manner whereas secretion of TIMP-2 was not significantly altered by rosuvastatin. Homocysteine (50–5 000 μmol/L) stimulated the migration of VSMCs in a dose-dependent manner, but this effect was eliminated by rosuvastatin. Conclusions: Homocysteine (50–1 000 μmol/L) significantly increased the production and activation of MMP-2, the expression of TIMP-2, and the migration of VSMCs in a dose-dependent manner. Additional extracellular rosuvastatin can decrease the excessive expression and activation of MMP-2 and abnormal migration of VSMCs induced by homocysteine.     

EGCG对肝癌细胞株BEL-7402增殖凋亡及Stat3蛋白表达的影响

研究了没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯（EGCG）对人肝癌细胞BEL-7402增殖凋亡及对信号转导蛋白和转录激活因子3（Stat3）蛋白及磷酸化Stat3蛋白表达的影响.应用MTT法检测不同浓度EGCG对BEL-7402细胞增殖的抑制作用,用流式细胞仪分析细胞的凋亡率,用ELISA方法检测EGCG对Stat3蛋白及磷酸化的Stat3蛋白表达的影响.结果表明：EGCG有抑制肝癌细胞增殖促进凋亡的作用,并呈剂量依赖性.ELISA结果显示EGCG能降低磷酸化Stat3蛋白的表达水平.EGCG能抑制肝癌细胞的增殖促进凋亡,其机制可能有与下调磷酸化的Stat3蛋白的表达有关.     

Toxic effects of Litsea elliptica Blume essential oil on red blood cells of Sprague-Dawley rats

Litsea elliptica Blume leaves have been traditionally used as medicinal herbs because of its antimutagenicity, che-mopreventative and insecticidal properties. In this study, the toxic effects of L. elliptica essential oil against Sprague-Dawley rat's red blood cells (RBCs) were evaluated. L. elliptica essential oil was given by oral gavage 5 times per week for 3 treated groups in the doses of 125, 250, and 500 mg/(kg body weight), respectively, and the control group received distilled water. Full blood count, RBC osmotic fragility, RBC morphological changes, and RBC membrane lipid were analyzed 28 d after the treatment. Although L. elliptica essential oil administration had significantly different effects on hemoglobin (Hb), mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean cell volume (MCV), and mean cell hemoglobin (MCH) in the experimental groups as compared to the control group (P<0.05), the values were still within the normal range. L. elliptica induced morphological changes of RBC into the form of echinoeyte. The percentage of echinocyte increased significantly among the treated groups in a dose-response manner (P<0.001). The concentrations of RBC membrane phospholipids and cholesterol of all treated groups were significantly lower than those of control group (P<0.001). However, the RBC membrane osmotic fragility and total proteins of RBC membrane findings did not differ significantly between control and treated groups (P>0.05). It is concluded that structural changes in the RBC membrane due to L. elliptica essential oil administration did not cause severe membrane damage.     

Synergistic effects of tea polyphenols and ascorbic acid on human lung adenocarcinoma SPC-A-1 cells

Tea polyphenols have been shown to have anticancer activity in many studies.In the present study,we investigated effects of theaflavin-3-3'-digallate(TF3),one of the major theaflavin monomers in black tea,in combination with ascorbic acid(AA),a reducing agent,and(-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate(EGCG),the main polyphenol presented in green tea,in combination with AA on cellular viability and cell cycles of the human lung adenocarcinoma SPC-A-1 cells.The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide(MTT) assay showed that the 50% inhibition concentrations(IC50) of TF3,EGCG,and AA on SPC-A-1 cells were 4.78,4.90,and 30.62 μmol/L,respectively.The inhibitory rates of TF3 combined with AA(TF3+AA) and EGCG combined with AA(EGCG+AA) at a molar ratio of 1:6 on SPC-A-1 cells were 54.4% and 45.5%,respectively.Flow cytometry analysis showed that TF3+AA and EGCG+AA obviously increased the cell population in the G0/G1 phase of the SPC-A-1 cell cycle from 53.9% to 62.8% and 60.0%,respectively.TF3-treated cells exhibited 65.3% of the G0/G1 phase at the concentration of its IC50.Therefore,TF3+AA and EGCG+AA had synergistic inhibition effects on the proliferation of SPC-A-1 cells,and significantly held SPC-A-1 cells in G0/G1 phase.The results suggest that the combination of TF3 with AA or EGCG with AA enhances their anticancer activity.