The documentation of distance education: a personal view

Following a brief account of the work of the Open University International Documentation Centre on Distance Learning, different forms of documentation in distance education: books, materials produced in connection with distance teaching programmes, journals and journal articles, and report literature, are identified and described. The central focus of the article is a critique of the treatment of the literature of distance education by two ERIC international bibliographical services. Proposals are made to survey existing bibliographical provision worldwide.     

Design and documentation: The state of the art

Conclusion As designers contemplate methods for improving their practice over time, the thoughts expressed here, inspired by work in other creative design fields, may help us to choose which path will lead to the greatest benefit. With our visions growing rapidly because of improved tools, improved theory, and the new freedoms they give us, it is unhappy to think that new principles, ideas, and experiences may fail to emerge or be slow to benefit our students because we had no way to capture, examine, and share them and accomplish the assurance of their quality.     

这个时代有点儿怪

历史长河中,矛盾充斥在我们的周遭:楼房变高了,人的性情却急躁了;道路变宽了,人的思想却狭隘了。我们花费的多了,拥有的却少了;我们购买的多了,享受的却少了。我们拥有的房子更大了,家庭却小了;条件更便利了,时间却少了。学位多了,却缺少见识;知识增了,却缺乏判断力。专家多了,问题     

Definition and documentation: theory, measurement, and the courts

Definition of terms and the selection criteria for operationalizing the standard of disability are critical to accessing accommodations. The purpose of this article was to examine the research surrounding definitiorns and selection criteria for learning disabilities and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder at the postsecondary level. Implications from and for the courts follow a critical analysis of the professional literature. The need for researchers to utilize theory-based models to investigate the multivariate relationships between and within constructs underlying current definitions and eligibility criteria is also disscussed.     

The paradox of virtue: (re)thinking deviance,anorexia and schooling

In this paper we posit a radical retheorization of anorexia as a form of deviance. We examine how the disciplinary practices and moral technologies typical of contemporary secondary schooling signify and enter into the articulation of three ‘virtue discourses’ (discipline, achievement and healthism), and tease out how these ‘virtue discourses’ play into the formation of the ‘anorexic’ subject. Informed by Foucauldian theory, our analysis draws on our life history interview study with teenage girls diagnosed with anorexia nervosa and their parents. We argue that anorexia can be understood not as a form of deviance but as a ‘paradox of virtue’ involving zealous compliance with and taking up of socially and culturally sanctioned ‘virtue discourses’ that are immanent in schooling and wider society.     

吉布斯佯谬的热力学解释

对气体扩散过程进行分析,证明吉布斯佯谬是由于错误的假设形成的。     

以网购为例的用户行为分析

本论文主要讨论关于购物网站的交互设计以及用户行为分析,它分别例举两种购物品作为网购行为案例,进行分析研究,在用户体验的环境下探讨购物网站使用相关问题。以交互设计理论为指导,分析用户行为的七个阶段,并列举说明在交互过程的执行和评估阶段可能存在的认知"鸿沟"。首先,本文运用了"行为分析"理论,解析了交互设计和行为设计的密切关系。将网购行为作为研究对象进行分析,探索用户行为流程中的常见问题。其次,本文讨论如何将网购产品的造型、色彩、使用等感受转化为设计要素,减少交互过程中认识鸿沟。最后,对某购物网站中的交互设计进行分析。并对该购物网站交互设计用户体验等方面存在的问题进行分析,并给出了优化设计方案。     

The constructivist paradox: Teachers’ knowledge and constructivist science teaching

Advocates of constructivist science recommend that school science begins with children’s own constructions of reality. This notion of the way in which students’ knowledge of science grows is closely paralleled by recent research on teachers’ knowledge. This paper draws on case study evidence of teachers’ work to show how two experienced teachers’ attempts to develop alternative ways of teaching science involved reframing their previous patterns of understanding and practice. Two alternative interpretations of the case study evidence are offered. One interpretation, which focuses on identifying gaps in the teachers’ knowledge of science teaching, leads to theconstructivist paradox. The second interpretation explores theconstructivist parallel, an approach which treats the process of teachers’ knowledge growth with the same respect as constructivists treat students’ learning of science. This approach, the authors argue, is not only more epistemologically consistent but also opens up the possibilities of helping teachers lead students towards a constructivist school science. Specializations: Teachers’ knowledge and culture, educational change, qualitative research methodology. Specializations: Teachers’ knowledge, imagery and teachers’ work, teacher collegiality, supervision of teachers’ work.     

建构主义：一种富有成效的数学教学实践范式

建构主义是一种新的认知理论,这种理论正逐渐成为国际数学教育改革中的一种主流理论。建构主义的基本观点为人们提供了反思数学教学的别样视角,同时也为数学教学提供了一种富有成效的应用框架。     

The paradox of trust in online collaborative groups

Open and sustained discussions in heterogeneous collaborative online groups should provide opportunities for adults to reshape their thinking, deeply understand the subject content, and have their voices heard and respected. These opportunities turn on trust. The ability to trust thoughts that are different from their own is influenced by the learners’ ability to be open about their beliefs and to develop healthy self–other relationships within their small groups. These issues are examined through a qualitative phenomenographic perspective of the stories of the students enrolled in two online adult learning classes utilizing a problem‐based and collaborative pedagogy. The findings indicate that group members import trust issues into the group, which then become issues for the group‐as‐a‐whole. To resolve these issues, the groups engage in several evading behaviors to avoid the types of discussion necessary to fully deal with the difference and resolve the trust issues.     

The paradox of civic education in non-liberal democracies: the case of Israel

Israeli society has a long reputation of being intolerant and violent. In this study we chose to look into the role of the education policy in Israel and to ask why do civic education programmes fail in implanting more seeds of tolerance and democratic values within the society. The first part of the study presents the subordination of the civic education programmes to the needs of the ethno-national agenda in the early years of the state of Israel, accomplished mainly by marginalizing the field of civics both in terms of contents and instruction hours. Then, we argue that since the 1980s, after the Israeli leadership was exposed to the problematic consequences of the lack of education to democratic values, all the initiatives to promote such agenda collided with the strong non-liberal character of the state which prevented any progress toward a more democratic orientation. We present the nature of this collision by using three levels of analysis: structural, policy making and policy implementation. We conclude by arguing that only a process of real liberalization of the state of Israel has the potential to liberate the education system from the paradoxes inherent to it.     

The designability paradox: rethinking authenticity and situatedness in educational video games

Educational technology research and development - Video games’ capacity to facilitate complex and interactive modes of engagement has led to their portrayal as particularly effective means...     

The paradox of text in the culture of literacy

This paper invites a reconsideration of the divide between oral and literate cultural practices in the research on literacy. It begins by challenging the distinction which David Olson has made between text andutterance as one which overstates the separateness of literate and oral practices. To supplement Olson's position, the author describes the continuing importance of oral practices for the promotion of intellectual activities which are centred on texts. He does so, in part, by drawing on the literacy lessons of the Passover Haggadah. The Haggadah proves to be a text which celebrates the intellectual necessity of interruption and the ongoing need for interpretation, two critical practices firmly rooted in an oral regard for the word. This picture of an alternative literacy tradition is put forward as a possibility for a renewed regard for reading and for the text in the classroom.     

互动:英语课堂教学的活力

英语课堂教学要显得生机勃勃,必须充分发挥教师的创造性与学生的主动性,形成教师与学生的互动。互动包括师生互动与生生互动,两者相辅相成,激发了课堂教学活力,有利于实现教学目标。