From reform to reform: how school reforms are motivated and interrupted – the case of ‘school inspections’ in Germany

ABSTRACT

In this article, we analyse the implementation and change of a specific school reform in Germany using the example of external school evaluation in Lower Saxony: the school inspection. We investigate how and why a newly implemented reform is itself subject to reform shortly afterwards. We begin with a historical background of German school reforms over the last 40 years. Then, we consider school reforms through the lens of organisational theory. Finally, we combine the historical and theoretical perspectives on school reforms placing particular emphasis on more recent developments in external school evaluation. Based on these considerations, we elaborate some theses on reform and routine in schools.     

Exploring gender gap and school differential effects in mathematics in Chilean primary schools

ABSTRACT

Despite the systematic recognition of large gender gaps in favour of boys in mathematics performance in Chile, the role of schools in explaining this gap has been comparatively underresearched. This paper analyses a longitudinal dataset to explore within- and between-school variation of Chilean primary schools in promoting attainment and progress of girls and boys. In order to reflect the hierarchical nature of the educational data, multilevel modelling is used, with 163,044 students, nested within 3,355 schools, within 310 municipalities to fit raw, contextualised attainment, and value-added models. The weak evidence indicative of gender differential school effect in progress in Chilean primary schools was interpreted as non-substantive. However, differences in effectiveness played a significant role, as girls progressed more than boys in less effective schools, but the opposite was true in more effective schools. Finally, the study concludes that the Chilean gender gap needs to be addressed mainly beyond schools.     

The size,stability, and consistency of school effects: evidence from Victoria

The bulk of public debate on education focuses on schools and school differences. Ideally, the characteristics of schools that add value to student performance can be identified and implemented for other schools. However, such scenarios assume that school effects are sizable, stable across cohorts, and consistent across subject areas. This study tests these assumptions by analysing school effects in both primary and secondary schools in 5 achievement domains with administrative data from almost all government school students in Victoria, Australia. Gross school effects are reasonably large but show only moderate stability. However, in net progress models which control for prior achievement, school effects are substantially smaller, display only low levels of stability across cohorts, and are not consistent across achievement domains. Therefore, it is difficult to identify schools that consistently increase (or decrease) student performance across subject areas beyond that expected by students’ intake characteristics, most notably prior student performance. Other policy goals are recommended.     

Explaining effects and side effects of school inspections: a path analysis

There are large differences between schools with regard to how they are affected by a school inspection. This study provides quantitative evidence about the extent to which perceived effects and side effects of an inspection are related to the inspection’s judgement on the school, to features of the inspection, and to school features. This study draws on quantitative data collected from 2,202 teachers in Flemish primary and secondary schools that had recently been inspected. Using path analysis, it investigates the existence and strength of relationships between the perceived effects and side effects of inspection, on the one hand, and the perceived inspection quality, the perceived school’s policy-making capacities, and the inspection judgement, on the other hand. The analysis reveals that most effects and several side effects are predominantly explained by the perceived inspection quality. Emotional side effects during inspection are best predicted by the school’s policy-making capacities.     

中小学教科书研究七十年的回溯与前瞻——基于Citespace5.4软件的可视化分析

利用Citespace软件对新中国成立70年来中小学教科书研究进行可视化分析,从而对其整体研究进行宏观把握,对其历史演进脉络进行梳理,发现建国70年来中小学教科书的研究内容不断深入。在起步阶段,研究内容仅涉及内容介绍、简评与编写建议及其政治功能;在发展阶段,已经拓宽至教科书的应用、编审、经验总结及高中教科书研究等方面;在深化阶段,关注多科目、多版本及教科书选用制度的研究。进入21世纪以来,其研究方法逐渐多样化、研究视角不断增加,整体呈多样化发展的态势。但仍存在着研究科目选择偏重文史类科目,对其他科目的研究较少,研究中缺少对教师与学生两大使用主体实然性的关注,研究视角仍缺乏多样化等问题。这是该领域研究未来发展的方向。     

幼儿园教育质量外部评价体系的影响效果与作用机制:基于园长的知觉

探讨幼儿园教育质量外部评价体系的影响效果与作用机制,将有助于管办评分离背景下构建科学有效的幼儿园教育质量外部评价体系。对247位园长的问卷调查结果表明:(1)评价标准通过评价反馈和园内改善行动的完全中介,间接影响园长知觉到的外部评价体系效果;(2)评价反馈和评价人员行为直接影响园长知觉到的评价体系的积极效果,评价反馈作为中介因素影响评价标准和评价人员行为对评价体系积极效果的作用;(3)园内改善行动显著预测园长知觉到的外部评价体系的消极效果。由此可见,评价标准、评价人员的行为、评价反馈、园内改善行动以一定的方式发生相互作用并影响外部评价体系的效果。健全幼儿园教育质量评价体系应重视完善评价标准体系和评价人员的专业性保障机制,加强对园内改善行动的引导与支持。     

英国学校发展性督导评价改革及其启示

英国学校发展性督导评价改革是特定的政治、经济、教育等各方面条件的产物。期间经过了国家政策体系的建立与完善和评价机制(尤其是学校自评机制)的建立与完善两个阶段，目前已触及改革的最终目标，开始与学校改善相结合。通过对这次改革主要内容和措施的描述，我们总结了这一改革成功的成效——学校质量保障体系的形成，进而对我国量督评价改革进行反思并提出相应的建议。     

软件高职“工学结合”课程改革探索

分析了软件高职教学中存在的问题,进而提出基于工作过程开发课程体系的思路．着重从二个角度对案例教学法进行探讨,一是教师对案例教学法的把握和运用,二是学生对“工学结合”的学习模式的运用．     

Surveillance,Governmentality and moving the goalposts: The influence of Ofsted on the work of schools in a post-panoptic era

This paper asks the question: to what extent do inspection regimes, particularly the Office for Standards in Education (Ofsted), influence the work of a school, and how might that influence be conceptualised? It draws on an ESRC-funded study of ‘policy enactments in secondary schools’, which was based on case-study work in four ‘ordinary’ schools. Here the data set is re-examined to understand the extent to which Ofsted had an ongoing influence on the work of the leadership, management and teachers in these schools. We undertook a process of secondary analysis of the data from the project and found that the influence of the inspection agenda was strong in the schools, policy decisions were often being made to conform to Ofsted’s expectations and the influence on leadership and management was clearly apparent. In resisting this agenda we also found that schools to some extent performed ‘the good school’ for inspections. Finally, we relate this empirical evidence to conceptions of governmentality and post-panopticism to shed new light on their theoretical relevance to contemporary inspection regimes.     

从“资格能力”评价体系看中外合作办学中的文化建构——以“高中国际班”为例

要提高中外合作办学的质量并深化其合作内涵,合作过程的文化维度值得高度关注。高中国际班因其在教育结构中的特殊位置,在文化维度上具有独特的研究价值。从后结构主义理论视角出发,"资格能力"评价是权力规训个体、塑造文化的重要策略,可作为破解文化交流之权力机制的切入点。本研究采用个案分析的方法,在绘制高中国际班日常生活画卷的基础上,深入剖析师生各项资格能力的评价标准,对中外双方的合作模式与合作文化进行反思。     

Inspection and the fabrication of professional and performative processes

This paper is about the issue of the performance of inspection. Based on research conducted in an English secondary school in the years following its time under Special Measures, I discuss the idea that during an inspection the school becomes focussed around performing for inspection. I discuss performance theory here as well as notions of performativity. I set the scene with middle and senior managers' recollections of life under Special Measures, in effect the time in which they learnt to perform. I then use data from time spent in the school before and during the school's OfSTED inspection, and discuss inspection as performance.     

中小学思想品德测评中的问题与对策

现行的中小学学生思想品德测评，普遍存在名不副实的问题，究其原因主要在于品德测评标准和测评内容不确定，具体实施过程中方法不科学，测评结果的工具性价值无限扩大等方面。德育实践呼吁对思想品德测评的内容要进行细化分析并创建动静态相结合的测评模式，同时恰当使用测评结果。     

基于多媒体案例的临床医学专业眼科学教学的效果评价

目的:对临床医学专业本科生采用眼科学多媒体案例教学方法的效果进行评价。方法:本校14级两个教学班。实验组班:51人,采用多媒体案例教学模式;对照组班:48人,采用多媒体课件传统讲授模式。相同教师,统一考试和问卷调查。结果:实验组学生成绩明显优于对照组(平均分差为13.71分)(P<0.001),在问卷调查中,对学习效率、主动学习、临床思维培养、资料查询等问题的肯定率明显多于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:基于多媒体案例的教学模式能够明显提高临床医学专业眼科学的教学效果,值得推广。     

从学校层面看大学生“打工”现象

大学生“打工”从某种程度上说有助于大学生在实践中认清自我,增强工作认知,累积社会经验,减轻家庭经济负担等,然而,对大学生“打工”带来的负面影响,我们必须有足够的认识.文章从分析大学生“打工”现象持续升温原因这一问题入手,从学校层面探讨大学生“打工”现象对学业的影响,进而提出高校对大学生“打工”现象的管理策略.     

运用外部效应理论创新大学生思想政治工作方法

学生思想政治工作受多种因素影响,许多因素与经济学知识相联系。本文运用经济学中的"外部效应理论",探索开展学生思想政治教育的有效途径。     

学校心理咨询效果评价的积极模型浅探

从学校心理咨询效果评价的研究现状和积极心理学视角分析学校心理咨询的效果评价问题,并围绕学校心理咨询效果评价问题提出学校心理咨询效果评价的模型。该模型包括：咨询初期评价——主要目的在于收集当事人的信息,了解当事人的问题以及当事人所缺乏的积极情绪体验能力和积极人格品质;咨询中期评价——当事人是否体验到更多的积极情绪;咨询结束评价——当事人是否形成了积极的人格品质和力量;后继评价——当事人是否在社会生活能力等方面有所提高。     

英国最新教育督导评价指标述评

近年来,许多国家的政府为了增强综合国力和国际竞争力,都不遗余力地掀起了教育改革的大潮。坚持问责、关注绩效、加强和深化教育督导对教育质量的评价、监督、指导作用是各国政府在这一大潮中所采用的主要国策。本文旨在通过解析2010年4月英国政府颁布的最新教育督导评价指标,为我国教育督导评价和评价指标体系的建构提供借鉴。     

走向对话：促进学校内外部评价的互动与合作

学校内部评价与外部评价是学校评价的两种主要形式,但任何一种方式都不能单独完成促进学校的效能发展与改革的作用。建立一种融合内外部评价的优点,强调学校成员的自发、自主,与外部评价专家的合作协助,内外互动：一—共同促进学校发展的发展性学校评价就成为当前国内外学校评价发展的新趋势。但要形成内外互动、合作共促的良好氛围,还需要双方先就评价的概念、方法与过程等方面的理解达成一定的共识。     

How the existence of special schools affects the placement of students with special needs in inclusive primary schools

Although inclusion is the declared goal, the transition from a system based on special schools to an inclusive school system has only been progressing very slowly in individual countries. In an evolving school system, the existing special schools keep struggling to justify their existence. This study investigates the regional distribution effects based on official school data and shows the influence of a pull effect on special schools as a distance effect of special schools affecting the placement of students. For this purpose, official school statistics including all students at special and regular schools in the years 2010, 2015 and 2020 (N = 11 280 040) are evaluated in a spatiotemporal comparison using Educational Data Mining. In a hierarchical regression model on school placement in inclusive schools, the distance between primary and special schools has the highest influence (β = 0.48) on the inclusion rate (i.e., the proportion of students with special needs who are educated in regular schools in relation to all students with disabilities), along with the size (β = −0.14) and the density of special schools in a district (β = −0.12). The effects differ according to the population density of the region and are stronger in large cities. When the proportion of students with and without SEN in regular schools is considered (support rate), the density of special schools has the greatest impact on school placement (ß = 43.44). Self-preservation of schools, traditional funding systems and regional differences between urban and rural areas are discussed as possible reasons.     

教师专业自主的概念论争及其思考

“教师专业自主”概念的论争继承了哲学、伦理学等领域对“自主”概念论争的基本视角与传统,也结合了教育与教师工作的专业性特征。“教师专业自主”概念论争的权利与自由、意识、能力、专业特质等视角事实上是对“教师专业自主”这一概念体系中不同概念子集及其基本概念的论述。“教师专业自主”的概念体系性特征是我们深入理解、划分概念的基本出发点和前提。