企业间信任的影响因素模型及实证研究/FONT

    摘要：企业间信任对促进企业间合作有着重要作用,本文从企业层面上探讨影响企业间信任的关键因素。论文通过文献阅读和回顾,整理了影响企业间信任的关键因素,并对这些因素进行了元分析,在元分析的基础上选取分析模型,并运用结构方程模型进行了验证。本文的研究对促进我国企业间建立信任关系有着重要的意义。       

企业间信任对组织双元创新的影响

企业间信任是促进知识转移和创新的重要因素。双元创新反应了企业平衡开发式创新和探索式创新的能力。但企业间信任是否能够带来更多的企业双元创新,尚有待证实。本文基于湖北省60个高新技术产业群内的115家企业信息,探讨了企业间信任与双元创新的关系。研究结果显示,企业间信任并不能显著影响双元创新,只有在企业具有较强的市场导向、较多的冗余资源和充足的人力资本条件下,企业间信任对双元创新才会显示出积极影响。     

Knowledge codification and the geography of innovation: the case of Brescia mechanical cluster

The paper re-examines the twin concepts of knowledge “tacitness” and “codification”, which both the literature on (broadly defined) industrial districts, and some recent econometric literature on “localized knowledge spillovers” have possibly mis-handled. Even within specialized local small and medium enterprises (SMEs) clusters, knowledge may be highly codified and firm-specific. The case study on Brescia mechanical firms shows that knowledge, rather than flowing freely within the cluster boundaries, circulates within a few smaller “epistemic communities”, each centered around the mechanical engineers of individual machine producers, and spanning to a selected number of suppliers’ and customers’ technicians. Physical distance among members of each community vary a lot, but even local messages may be highly codified.     

Is the Internet a US invention?—an economic and technological history of computer networking

Although the inventions embodied in the Internet originated in a diverse set of industrial economies, the US was consistently the source of critical innovations and an early adopter of new applications. Why did other nations, including several that made important inventive contributions to the Internet, not play a larger role in its development, particularly in the creation of new business organizations, governance institutions, and applications? We argue that the role of the US “national innovation system” in the creation of the Internet echoes several key themes of US technological development before 1940. The presence of a large domestic market, a set of antitrust and regulatory policies that weakened the power of incumbent telecommunications firms, and a diverse private/public research community that was willing to work with both domestic and foreign inventions were important preconditions for US leadership in computer networking innovation.     

Systemic process management environment for building distributed locational systems

This article describes the architecture of a generic platform for building distributed locational systems over stand-alone applications. The proposed platform integrates ideas and technology from areas such as distributed and parallel databases, transaction processing systems, and workflow management. The main contribution of this research effort is to propose a “kernel” locational system providing the essentials for distributed processing and to show the important role database technology may play in supporting such functionality of workflow management. These include a powerful process management environment using the principles of the Problem Structuring Methodology (PSM), which it created as a generalization of workflow ideas and incorporated transactional notions such as spheres of isolation, atomicity, and persistence and a transactional engine enforcing these “quality guarantees” based on the nested and multi-level models. It also includes a tool kit providing externalized database functionality enabling physical database design over heterogeneous data repositories.     

The performance impact of intra-firm organizational design on an alliance's NPD projects

This research contributes to the intra-organization, inter-organization, and new product development (NPD) management literature by studying the impact of a firm's internal organizational design on the communication within and performance of NPD projects conducted with strategic alliance partners. The empirical data were collected from three in-depth case studies of network lead companies (NLCs) operating in different industries. The three NLCs have different internal organizational designs, ranging from very flexible “organic” to very rigid “mechanistic.” In each NLC, a successful new-to-firm product development project was chosen for further detailed investigation. First, we identify the role the alliance's NPD project characteristics and industry characteristics play in determining the “intensity level” and “media richness” of communication required between the alliance's NPD project partners. Then, we examine how the internal organizational design influences the actual intensity and media richness of communication of the alliance's NPD project that matches our assumptions of what is required.     

联盟企业间关系公平性对关系承诺的影响—企业间信任的中介作用

本文通过建立中介模型,实证分析了联盟企业间关系公平性对关系承诺的影响,并探讨了企业间信任的中介作用。论文以江苏230家企业为研究样本,通过量表收集数据,并使用层级回归分析的方法来检验所提出的假设。研究结果表明,我国企业间合作关系中存在着关系公平性对关系承诺的影响路径。其中,分配公平性直接促进企业间情感承诺水平的提升,同时通过才能信任对情感承诺产生间接影响;程序公平性主要通过才能信任这一中介变量对情感承诺实施正向影响;互动公平性可以降低企业间的计算承诺水平,同时还有助于提升企业间的仁善信任水平,间接对计算承诺产生影响。本文最后提出了相应的管理建议。     

Policy learning in Swiss research policy—the case of the National Centres of Competence in Research

The article treats the problem of “rationality” in learning processes in research policies. The underlying hypothesis is that there are contemporary efforts in research policy-making, which, against views in organisational sociology like “bounded rationality” or “garbage-can”, endeavour to “rationalise” the process of decision-making in research policies. This hypothesis is worked out by taking one example, the setting-up of the “National Centres of Competence in Research” (NCCR) in Switzerland and analyse the processes that have contributed to the acceptance of this funding measure. Our finding is that Switzerland has introduced some “rationalising devices” but that these devices are still insufficiently institutionalised and can be further elaborated. In addition, it is made clear that goal-oriented problem-solving and interests are closely intertwined and cannot be dissociated from another. This may have distorting effects on the rationality of the learning process. It is, nevertheless, a necessary condition in order to learn at all.     

团队信任、共享领导力与新产品开发创新绩效关系

新产品开发是一项跨职能的项目组织活动，其创新绩效受到项目成员间信任关系、团队领导方式及项目组织结构形态的综合影响，。论文基于相互依存性理论研究了三者团队信任、共享领导力对新产品开发创新绩效的作用机理。研究结果表明：目标明确性和任务互依性能促进团队信任程度增加，共享领导力在团队信任对创新绩效的作用关系中起到完全中介作用。此外，新产品开发采取的项目组织结构形态在团队信任、共享领导力、创新绩效的作用路径中起到明显调节作用。研究成果明确了共享领导力的机制设计对于提升新产品开发绩效起到十分重要作用，这为跨职能组织的团队管理提供了参考。     

授权型领导影响知识型员工创新的信任机制

授权型领导是领导对员工信任基础上所作出的管理决策和领导方式,并影响到员工创新行为。本文研究授权型领导如何通过影响知识型员工的两种信任,并进一步影响知识型员工创新行为的中间信任机制,以及组织支持感在该机制中的调节作用。通过配对调研和数据收集与处理,实证研究发现,授权型领导能够正向影响知识型员工对领导产生的基于情感的信任和基于认知的信任,并最终正向影响知识型员工的创新行为,组织支持感正向调节授权型领导对知识型员工基于情感的信任和基于认知的信任的影响关系。     

Heart of darkness: modeling public–private funding interactions inside the R&D black box

This paper is a first step toward closing the analytical gap in the extensive literature on the results of interactions between public and private R&D expenditures, and their joint effects on the economy. A survey focusing on econometric studies in this area reveals a plethora of sometimes confusing and frequently contradictory estimates of the response of company-financed R&D to changes in the level and nature of this category of public expenditures. Yet, a theoretical framework seldom is provided within which the empirical results are to be interpreted. Some such structure is necessary, in view of the multiple channels through which public research can affect private R&D performance, especially as not all the effects flow in the same direction. A major cause of “inconsistencies” in the empirical literature is the failure to recognize key differences among the various policy “experiments” being considered — depending upon the economy in which they are embedded, and the type of public sector R&D spending that is contemplated. Using a simple, stylized structural model, we identify the main channels of impact of public R&D. We thus can characterize the various effects, distinguishing between short- and long-run impacts that would show up in simple regression analyses of nominal public and private R&D expenditure variables. Within the context of our simple model it is possible to offer interpretations that shed light on recent cross-section and panel data findings at both high (i.e., national) and low (specific technology area) levels of aggregation.     

The influence of inter-firm IT governance strategies on relational performance: The moderation effect of information technology ambidexterity

How to create value from information technology (IT) in multi-firm situations has attracted the notice of both researchers and practitioners. However, as a critical factor to enhance relational performance, the inter-firm IT governance strategy has not been sufficiently studied. Based on the contractual and relational governance literature, this paper presents two inter-firm IT governance strategies, namely, balancing (focusing on achieving a close match between the relational and contractual governance) and complementing (focusing on creating synergy between the relational and contractual governance) governance strategies. Using data collected from 200 firms, we examined the relationship between these two governance strategies and relational performance. Furthermore, we studied the influence of a contingent factor, IT ambidexterity (simultaneous pursuit of IT flexibility and IT standardization) on this value generation process. Our results indicate that both inter-firm IT governance strategies, but especially the balancing strategy, can help increase relational performance, and IT ambidexterity also can influence the choice of governance strategies of focal firms. Specifically, focal firms with low IT ambidexterity prefer using a balancing governance strategy rather than a complementing governance strategy. On the other hand, focal firms with high IT ambidexterity can reduce or mitigate the risks of unbalancing strategy (such as the contractual-dominant or relational-dominant governance strategy), and then enhance the synergy effects of contractual and relational governance. Implications for theory and practice are also discussed.     

Racing behavior technological evolution in the high-end computer industry

In a thirty-year period, firms in the high-end computer industry compete for technological leadership with select subgroups of firms. A clustering technique is used to identify these subgroups of firms. In each of the three such ‘races’ that I identify, a firm's racing rivals influence the evolution of its own technology frontier. This approach complements life-cycle and other models of technological evolution. A central role is assigned to strategic interactions between firms. Different kinds of strategic interactions lead to intra-race and inter-race behavior. I demonstrate how such inter-firm interactions map into technological evolution at the industry level and suggest that the patterns seen here can help us understand technological evolution in a range of environments.     

Public policies towards Research Joint Venture: Institutional design and participants’ characteristics

In this paper, we present several insights regarding the influence of institutional design on the process of Research Joint Venture (RJV) formation. Our results are obtained with a firm-level dataset on RJVs formed under the umbrella of the Eureka initiative and of the European Union’s Framework Programmes (EU-FPs) for science and technology. We focus on firms that are known to have a high probability of forming RJVs, with the latter identified as firms with a past experience in collaborative research. The results indicate that EU-FP RJVs are consistent with a “top-down” and “mission oriented” research policy. By contrast, Eureka RJVs appear as more market driven and “bottom-up”.     

Innovation as co-evolution of scientific and technological networks: exploring tissue engineering

The question of exactly how science is commercialized is an important one. While the social structures of “science” and “technology” are distinctive, recent work suggests that scientific and technological ideas in fact co-evolve. This paper addresses the dynamics of such co-evolution: are scientific networks deeply co-mingled with networks through which technology is created and if so how? It does so in a study of an emerging area of biomedicine—tissue engineering. The research is based on a novel methodology that takes advantage of the fact that an idea is often inscribed in both a patent and paper, thus forming a patent–paper pair. Starting with the pair, it is possible to trace the citation network of patents, papers, inventors and authors, combining traditional bibliometric analysis with in-depth interviews to provide new insights. The results show that for this case there exist distinctive scientific and technological networks. Furthermore, while there is evidence of overlap, it is neither co-publishing nor citation as might be predicted from current literature. Rather co-mingling exists through founding, licensing, consulting and advising. This has implications for our understanding of the processes through which spillovers arise, the way in which commercialization and technology transfer should be structured and for recent debates on conflict of interest in biomedicine.     

P代工企业交易专用性投资的能力构建效应研究/P

摘要：以158家样本企业的调研数据进行实证研究,探讨代工企业开展的专用性投资对于它们借助于客户进行的能力构建活动的作用机制和影响效应。主要结论是,企业间合作和客户机会主义行为在代工企业交易专用性投资和能力构建活动之间发挥着完全中介作用;并且,客户机会主义行为直接制约了企业间合作。研究的理论贡献在于比较全面地考察了代工企业专用性投资对于能力构建活动的作用机制并丰富了立足于本土代工企业的经验证据。     

领导风格与员工建言：基于双向信任的视角

本研究旨在探讨交易/变革型领导对员工建言的促进作用,并根据社会交换理论,分析在不同的上下级双向信任情境下这种作用的有效性。基于东北三省6家企业366份上下级匹配调查问卷数据,采用层次回归分析法的实证结果表明：交易型和变革型领导均正向促进员工建言,且后者的作用更强;员工信任正向调节交易/变革型领导与员工建言的关系;员工信任和被信任感的交互正向调节交易/变革型领导与员工建言的关系,双向信任均高时,交易/变革型领导对员工建言的促进作用最强;双向信任缺失时,促进作用最弱;双向信任不均衡时,相比于高信任、低被信任感,在低信任、高被信任感的情境下,交易/变革型领导对员工建言的促进作用更强。     

包容性领导能促进科研人员提升创新绩效吗?——一个有中介的调节作用模型

企业科研人员的创新工作对于企业的长期生存与发展至关重要,因此,如何提高科研人员的创新绩效已经成为当前企业迫切需要解决的问题。在文献回顾的基础上,通过对20家高科技企业的356名科研人员及其直接主管的配对数据进行相关、回归分析,检验包容性领导、责任心以及主管信任对科研人员创新绩效影响的一个有中介的调节作用模型。研究结果表明,包容性领导对科研人员创新绩效具有显著正向影响;责任心显著调节包容性领导与科研人员创新绩效之间的关系;而且,责任心对包容性领导与科研人员创新绩效之间的调节作用以主管信任为中介。研究结论丰富了领导风格与员工创新等方面的研究,并对企业提高员工创新绩效具有实践上的指导意义。     

Strategic motivators and expected benefits from e-commerce in traditional organisations

This paper aims to identify the strategic motivators and expected benefits related to the implementation of e-commerce infrastructures in traditional “brick and mortar” organisations. Despite the fact that the clearest benefit from e-commerce might be expected to come from contribution to corporate profits, either from an increase of sales or reduction of costs, but this may not be the case. The literature suggests that there are different ways in which the potential benefits can be assessed. These ways are directly related to the evolution of e-commerce. This research has chosen six representative organisations from different sectors to explore their rationales for their e-commerce strategies. One of the main benefits reported is to increase the focus on the customer and improving internal communications. Additionally, obtaining competitive advantage was found to be a powerful motivator, despite the fact that the recent academic literature suggests that this is very difficult to achieve.     

Intelligent information retrieval: diagnosing information need. : Part I. The theoretical framework for developing an intelligent IR tool

The research examines the notion that the principles underlying the procedure used by doctors to diagnose a patient's disease are useful in the design of “intelligent” IR systems because the task of the doctor is conceptually similar to the computer (or human) intermediary's task in “intelligent information retrieval”: to draw out, through interaction with the IR system, the user's query/information need. The research is reported in two parts. In Part II, an information retrieval tool is described which is based on “intelligent information retrieval” assumptions about the information user. In Part I, presented here, the theoretical framework for the tool is set out. This framework is borrowed from the diagnostic procedure currently used in medicine, called “differential diagnosis”. Because of the severe consequences that attend misdiagnosis, the operating principle in differential diagnosis is (1) to expand the uncertainty in the diagnosis situation so that all possible hypotheses and evidence are considered, then (2) to contract the uncertainty in a step by step fashion (from an examination of the patient's symptoms, through the patient's history and a physical (signs), to laboratory tests). The IR theories of Taylor, Kuhlthau and Belkin are used to demonstrate that these medical diagnosis procedures are already present in IR and that it is a viable model with which to design “intelligent” IR tools and systems.