论口译的译前准备

口译是即席性很强的活动,因此包含了很多不确定的因素。为了减少口译过程中的不确定性、提高口译质量,译员必须进行译前准备。本文从会议资料、主题内容和术语三方面阐述了如何进行口译准备。     

论刑事案件庭审口译的译前准备

庭审口译的质量直接关系审判的公平、公正及当事人的权利保障,而从中国庭审口译的现状看来,译前准备不足是导致庭审口译质量影响的重要因素。本文以笔者一次刑事案件庭审口译任务为例,从术语、案情、法律文书和身心层面准备这四个方面阐述了刑事庭审口译译前准备中应注意的基本问题,供庭审译员参考。     

英语口译中数字翻译的技巧

随着世界全球化进程的加快、我国经济的快速蓬勃发展、对外贸易总量的逐步增加,涉外的商务活动逐渐深入到社会的各个层次和领域。涉外商务活动中,数字口译的准确性在一定程度上决定着该场洽谈的成功性。本文主要讨论了英语口译的译前准备以及数字口译的方法与技巧,介绍了数字的倍数、整数与分数的翻译方法以及模糊策略的使用,并总结了英语翻译中数字口译的技巧与方法。     

如何做好口译的笔记

该文章以口译中的笔记作为分析的对象,从口译笔记的标准和必要性、口译笔记的语言及格式和口译笔记中符号的使用等几个方面对口译笔记进行了较全面的分析,从而帮助提高笔记的有效性和口译的质量。     

浅析口译特点与标准

本文首先分析了口译的特点,然后立足于口译的特点研究口译标准问题,提出了口译的四项标准,为更好地进行口译实践活动提供了参照和评估的依据。     

小议口译的策略与技巧

口译是一项需要思维敏捷、听力准确、口齿伶俐的工作。事实表明,口译工作者在口译的过程中往往存在许多问题。口译工作的好坏与口译工作者的口译水平关系极大。随着我国对外开放的程度越来越大,对能快速准确进行翻译工作的口译员的要求已越来越高。本文对口译工作中的部分策略和技巧进行研究,以寻求提高口译效果的方法。     

高职商务英语口译教学中的问题与对策

随着时代的发展,社会对商务英语口译人员的需求不断增加。许多高职院校顺应市场需求,纷纷开设了商务英语口译课。但由于起点较低,口译教学在实践中遇到了不少难题。本文对高职院校商务英语口译教学的现状进行了分析,从教师、教材和教法等方面展开讨论,以期能对改进高职商务英语口译教学有所帮助。     

商务陪同口译现场策略的探究

随着中国加入世界贸易组织,很多跨国公司或外国商人来到中国拓展业务,他们需要找一个口译人员帮助他们和中国的企业进行沟通或洽谈生意。商务陪同口译成为了一种常见的口译形式。但商务陪同口译给译员带来了很多挑战。本文阐述了商务陪同口译现场的应对策略,以期为口译工作提供经验。     

中国口译研究：历史与现状分析

简要地回顾西方口译研究情况,通过对比,对中国口译研究的特点和发展趋势进行初步探讨,并对中国口译研究的不同发展阶段进行了较为详细的阐释。同时指出中国口译研究依然存在的问题并提出应对策略。     

商务陪同口译现场策略的探究

随着中国加入世界贸易组织,很多跨国公司或外国商人来到中国拓展业务,他们需要找一个口译人员帮助他们和中国的企业进行沟通或洽谈生意。商务陪同口译成为了一种常见的口译形式。但商务陪同口译给译员带来了很多挑战。本文阐述了商务陪同口译现场的应对策略,以期为口译工作提供经验。     

Beyond known uncertainties: Interventions at the fuel-engine interface

The following article describes the history of the fuel-engine interface in two case studies (from 1900 onwards) with the goal of understanding the complexity of such an interface composed of two technological systems that do not form a clear hierarchical relationship. A technological setting with two divergent cores is particularly prone to external influence, in particular to governmental regulation.The proposed framework in this article complements and extends the existing literature on technological community in particular regarding: (a) the importance of the interface between industries that are not subordinate to one another, (b) the role of the regulator, and (c) the focus on hidden uncertainties. This study illustrates how certain types of uncertainties within complex innovative projects can result in inertia and sub-optimal solutions. The proposed framework has implications for theory, management, and policy practice.     

Decentralised delay-dependent static output feedback variable structure control

In this paper, an output feedback stabilisation problem is considered for a class of large scale interconnected time delay systems with uncertainties. The uncertainties appear in both isolated subsystems and interconnections. The bounds on the uncertainties are nonlinear and time delayed. It is not required that either the known interconnections or the uncertain interconnections are matched. Then, a decentralised delay-dependant static output feedback variable structure control is synthesised to stabilise the system globally uniformly asymptotically using the Lyapunov Razumikhin approach. A case study relating to a river pollution control problem is presented to illustrate the proposed approach.     

Asymptotic adaptive tracking control and application to mechatronic systems

This article develops an asymptotic tracking control strategy for uncertain nonlinear systems subject to additive disturbances and parametric uncertainties. To fulfill this work, an adaptive-gain disturbance observer (AGDO) is first designed to estimate additive disturbances and compensate them in a feedforward way, which eliminates the impact of additive disturbances on tracking performance. Meanwhile, an updated observer gain law driven by observer estimation errors is adopted in AGDO, which reduces the conservatism of observer gain selection and is beneficial to practical implementation. Also, the parametric uncertainties existing in systems are addressed via an integrated parametric adaptive law, which further decreases the learning burden of AGDO. Based on the parametric adaption technique and the proposed AGDO approach, a composite controller is employed. The stability analysis uncovers the system asymptotic tracking performance can be attained even when facing time-variant additive disturbances and parametric uncertainties. In the end, comparative experimental results of an actual mechatronic system driven by a dc motor uncover the validity of the developed approach.     

Sliding mode attitude tracking of rigid spacecraft with disturbances

The attitude tracking control problem of a spacecraft nonlinear model with external disturbances and inertia uncertainties is addressed in this paper. First, a new sliding mode controller is designed to ensure the asymptotic convergence of the attitude and angular velocity tracking errors against external disturbances and inertia uncertainties by using a modified differentiator to estimate the total disturbances. Second, an adaptive algorithm is applied to compensating the disturbances, by which another sliding mode controller is successfully designed to achieve a high performance on the attitude tracking in the presence of the inertia uncertainties, external disturbances and actuator saturations. Finally, simulation results are presented to illustrate effectiveness of the control strategies.     

Can the inerter be a successful shock-absorber? The case of a ball-screw inerter with a variable thread lead

This paper investigates an application of a ball-screw inerter for mitigation of impact loadings. The problem of impact absorption is to provide a minimum reaction force that optimally decelerates and eventually stops an impacting object within the available absorber stroke. It significantly differs from vibration mitigation problems which are typical application of inerters. The paper demonstrates that the optimum absorption can be achieved by fully passive means. For known values of the object mass and inerter parameters, the obtained solution is independent of the impact velocity. The optimum passive absorption is achieved by employing a variable thread lead. As a result, two force components emerge, the typical inertance-related force and a damping-like term, and sum up to provide the optimum constant deceleration force. This result is relatively unique: conventional absorbers do not provide a constant force even with complex active control systems. Finally, an optimization problem is formulated to reduce the influence of process uncertainties (range of possible mass values, unknown friction). The results are verified and analyzed in a numerical example.     

Global output feedback stabilization for a class of nonlinear systems with multiple uncertainties

This paper investigates the problem of global output feedback stabilization for a class of nonlinear systems with multiple uncertainties. A remarkable feature lies in that the system to be considered is not only involved dynamic and parametric uncertainties but also the measurement output affected by an uncertain continuous function, which leads to the obstacles in the constructions of a state observer and a controller. By revamping the double-domination approach with the skillful implantation of a dynamic gain scheme and nonnegative integral functions, a new design strategy is established by which a global output feedback stabilizer together with a novel state observer can be constructed successfully. The novelty of the presented design is attributed to a perspective in dealing with the output feedback stabilization undergone the unknown continuous (time-varying) output function and dynamic/parametric uncertainties. Finally, an illustrative example is provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the theoretical results.     

Robust input shaping control for multi-mode flexible structures using neuro-sliding mode output feedback control

Input shaping provides an effective method for suppressing residual vibration of flexible structure systems. However, it is not very robust to parameter uncertainties and external disturbances. In this paper, a closed-loop input shaping method is developed for suppressing residual vibration of multi-mode flexible structure systems with parameter uncertainties and external disturbances. The proposed scheme integrates both input shaping control and discrete-time neuro-sliding mode output feedback control (NSMOFC). The input shaper is designed for the reference model and implemented outside of the feedback loop to achieve the exact elimination of residual vibration. In the feedback loop, the discrete-time NSMOFC technique is employed to make the closed-loop system behave like the reference model with input shaper, where the residual vibration is suppressed. The selection of switching surface and the existence of sliding mode have been addressed. The knowledge of upper bound of uncertainties is not required. Furthermore, it is shown that increasing the robustness to parameter uncertainties does not lengthen the duration of the impulse sequence. Simulation results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed closed-loop input shaping control scheme.     

Full-order terminal sliding-mode control of MIMO systems with unmatched uncertainties

To control MIMO systems with unmatched uncertainties, two sliding-mode controllers are presented in this paper. Firstly, a terminal sliding-mode controller is presented to force the output of an MIMO system to a region near zero in finite-time. With the analysis on the effect of the unmatched uncertainties, a full-order terminal sliding-mode control is further proposed to force the output of the MIMO system to converge to zero rather than a region. The virtual control is utilized to establish the reference for the part of the system states, which can reject unmatched uncertainties completely. To generate continuous virtual control signals, the proposed full-order terminal sliding-mode controller makes the ideal sliding motion as the full-order dynamics rather than the reduced-order dynamics in traditional sliding-mode control systems. Finally, the simulations on the control of an L-1011 fixed wing aircraft at cruise flight conditions validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

Robust formation control for uncertain multi-agent systems

Robust formation problems for linear multi-agent systems with uncertainties and external disturbances are investigated in this paper. The model of each agent can be described by a nominal linear system combined with external disturbances and uncertainties which include parameter perturbations and nonlinear uncertainties. A more general bound of uncertainties is introduced. A robust formation controller, which consists of a nominal controller and a robust compensator, is proposed to achieve the desired state formation and restrain the influence of uncertainties and disturbances. Furthermore, sufficient conditions for time-varying formation feasibility are introduced and proved. Finally, a numerical example is provided to demonstrate the theoretical results.     

Sliding-mode control for teleoperation system with uncertain kinematics and dynamics: An observer-based approach

This study concentrates on the tracking control of teleoperation system subjected to robot uncertainties. The coupling of kinematic and dynamic uncertainties poses a challenge to construct the teleoperation controller. To overcome this difficulty, an observer-based approach is designed to ensure position tracking while compensating for the unfavorable effects arising from the uncertainties. First, two sliding-mode observers together with a novel power reaching law are constructed, upon which, the uncertainties will be estimated in finite time. Next, a controller is proposed to solve the finite-time convergence of the tracking errors. The settling time and the stability of the closed-loop system are derived by Lyapunov’s direct method. Simulation results are presented to testify the tracking performance of the suggested control.