职业教育"三以一化"专业课程体系的构建

本文通过对职业教育课程内涵的结构性分析，并在此基础上，对“以能力为本位、以职业实践为主线、以项目课程为主体的模块化”（简称“三以一化”）专业课程体系加以阐释，试图为职业教育课程改革提供思路。     

Bidirectional heart rate responses in rats associated with excitatory and inhibitory stimuli

Following classical conditioning to a shock-reinforced tone CS (T₁+), heart rate (HR) of three groups of rats was examined in response to a new reinforced tone (T₂+) and a nonreinforced light (L?) CS given during conditioned inhibition (T₂+ vs. T₁L?), discrimination conditioning (T₂+ vs. L?), or explicitly unpaired (T₂/L? vs. US alone) procedures. Decelerative HR reactions occurred to the reinforced T₂+ and T₂+ CSs. To the respective nonreinforced CSs, the conditioned inhibition group displayed diminished but sizable HR deceleration, the discrimination group showed near-zero responding, and the explicitly upaired group showed HR acceleration. Subsequent reversal conditioning to L was retarded in the conditioned inhibition and explicitly unpaired groups relative to the discrimination group. Group differences on combined-cue [T₂/L?) trials were not found. Both the HR responses during inhibitory training and the reversal-conditioning impairments suggest that inhibition may have been established to L? in the conditioned inhibition and explicitly unpaired groups.     

开滦党建新思路是与时俱进的思路

开滦党建新思路，体现了时代对开滦党建的要求，体现了与国企改革并进的精神，体现了开滦党建发展的现实，是与时俱进高屋建瓴的思路。     

Instrumental responding by rats on free-operant schedules with components that schedule response-dependent reinforcer omission: Implications for optimization theories

In two experiments, we assessed whether rats optimize the number of reinforcers per response. In Experiment 1, one group of rats was trained to leverpress for food reinforcement on a simple variable-interval (VI) 60-sec schedule. For another group, a negative fixed-ratio component was imposed on the VI schedule to produce a conjoint contingency in which reinforcement became available on the VI schedule but was omitted when the ratio criterion was satisfied. In Experiment 2, one group of rats responded on a VI schedule and also received response-independent food. For another group, responding above a certain rate canceled the response-independent food. Despite the negative contingency experienced by the groups in Experiments 1 and 2, responding was maintained at a level at which the number of obtained reinforcers was reduced substantially below the maximum number possible. In addition, in both experiments, the groups that experienced the negative contingency responded at a lower rate than did a yoked control group that experienced the same frequency of reinforcement but lacked the negative component. These results demonstrate that although rats do not optimize their behavior with respect to reinforcement, they are nevertheless sensitive to some aspect of the instrumental contingency in operation.     

二元函数与一元函数基本性质的比较研究

运用比较异同的研究方法,得到二元函数与一元函数在七个基本性质方面的相异点.     

Increasing word recognition and math ability in a severely learning-disabled student with token reinforcers

A two-part experiment was conducted in which a youth who was diagnosed as severely learning disabled was treated for a lack of reading and math skills. Token reinforcers were delivered for correct responses to a structured set of math problems and sight words. The subject reached a 90% correct response rate following implementation of a changing criterion experimental design. Part two of the study produced a 100% achievement level for the most difficult multiplication and division items. Results imply that some behaviors identified as learning disabilities may be treatable using motivational strategies.     

Experience with the reinforcer and the preference for earned rather than free reinforcers in rats

Manipulating experience with the reinforcer, through either home cage presentations of Noyes pellets or availability of the free reinforcer immediately prior to testing, attenuated the preference for earned as opposed to free reinforcers. Similarly, changing the reinforcer to one of a different flavor at testing increased the preference for the noncontingent reinforcer. These results are consistent with an interpretation of earned reinforcer preference which emphasizes the role of the reinforcer as a discriminative signal for further instrumental responding. It is suggested that the tendency to perform instrumental responses for reinforcers when free reinforcers are available can be explained in terms of traditional learning processes.     

LBL和PBL相结合的教学模式在教学中应用

为了提高教学效果,将LBL教学与PBL教学相结合的教学模式应用于中药专业“仪器分析”的课程教学中,应用发现,该教学模式可以启发学生积极思维,培养学习兴趣,增强互动交流,提高课堂效率.因此,对于“仪器分析”等基础课的教学,LBL与PBL教学相结合能够达到两种模式的优势互补,提高教学质量.     

与时俱进的仪器分析实验教学

随着购置大型仪器的种类和台件数增加,仪器分析实验的硬件条件有了较大改善。及时修订人才培养方案和仪器分析实验教学大纲,更新实验项目,调整实验实施的手段和方法。与时俱进的仪器分析实验教学,提高了人才培养的质量。     

中长跑训练中不容忽视的因素:"集中注意力"

中长跑动动训练采用"集中注意力"这一训练方法,可避免各种不良因素的影响,能快速地使运动员进入运动训练和竞赛的最佳状态,使身体各系统功能加强,为取得较好运动成绩创造有利条件,是一种有效的心理训练法.     

Inhibitory control by one stimulus after an increase in the frequency of reinforcement associated with another stimulus

Pigeons were trained on a multiple variable-interval 5-min variable-interval 5-min schedule and then shifted to either a multiple variable-interval 1-min variable-interval 5-min or a multiple variable-interval 30-sec variable-interval 5-min schedule. A generalization test was subsequently administered along the dimension containing the stimulus associated with the variable-interval 5-min component. The generalization gradients for subjects that received multiple variable-interval 1-min variable-interval 5-min training were not consistent in shape. However, an incremental gradient was obtained from each subject that received multiple variable-interval 30-sec variable-interval 5-min training. Thus, a sufficiently large reduction in merely the relative frequency of reinforcement during a stimulus resulted in that stimulus’ acquiring inhibitory control over responding.     

ADD students with and without dyslexia differ in sensitivity to rhyme and alliteration

Children with attention deficit disorder (ADD) and dyslexia (n = 82) made significantly more errors than normally reading children with ADD (n = 83) on a simple auditory test of phonological sensitivity to rhyme and alliteration (Bradley, 1984). A subgroup of children with dyslexia who were sensitive to rhyme and alliteration had higher scores on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R) Spatial factor than a dyslexic subgroup who were phonologically insensitive. In multiple regression analyses, age-corrected phonological sensitivity scores contributed significantly to the prediction of both reading and spelling Wide Range Achievement Test (WRAT) scores, this beyond the contribution of WISC-R variables. Of interest for dyslexia subtyping theories, Spatial factor scores had a subtractive effect in these regression analyses.     

Conditioned inhibition in feature negative discrimination learning with pigeons

Discrimination performance was investigated with pigeons using feature negative (FN) discrimination procedures which differed in the temporal arrangement of the stimuli on S? trials. In both procedures, a single common element was presented on reinforced (S+) trials. In thesimultaneous FN procedure, a distinguishing element was presented simultaneously with the common element of S? trials. In thesequential FN procedure, the distinguishing element preceded onset of the common element on S? trials. In two experiments, the sequential FN procedure yielded better discrimination performance. In Experiment 1, a summation test designed to separate learning and performance variables indicated that sequential FN subjects had learned the negative relationship between the distinguishing element and reinforcement while simultaneous FN subjects had not. In Experiment 2, summation and acquisition tests indicated that the distinguishing element developed inhibitory properties in the sequential FN procedure but not in the simultaneous FN procedure.     

Control of pecking response form in the pigeon: Topography of ingestive behaviors and conditioned keypecks with food and water reinforcers

In Experiment 1, the form of keypecks produced in an autoshaping procedure with food or water reinforcers was compared with that of eating and drinking responses. Because the responses involve a number of different effector systems, several elements of response form were measured, including peck force and duration, gape, and eye closure. Gape was the only measure to reliably distinguish between both ingestive responses and between conditioned keypecks reinforced with food or water. With either reinforcer, keypecks had greater force than did ingestive behaviors. In Experiment 2, a transition between two forms of keypeck was produced by manipulating deprivation and reinforcer conditions. Some measures appeared to vary in a dichotomous manner between two discrete response forms; gape showed a gradual and continuous change involving the production of intermediate forms of the response. It was concluded that the control of conditioned response form involves theconstruction of the response from movements produced by several effector systems, each with potentially different sources of control.     

例谈一题多解

例已知:M=102003 1102004 1,N=102004 1102005 1,则M,N的大小关系是().(A)M>N;(B)M=N;(C)M相似文献   

一元二次方程在运动学习题中的深入剖析

在解决运动学的习题时,常常会用到与一元二次方程相关的知识。文章通过总结在运动学中需要利用一元二次方程进行解题的相关题型,深入剖析一元二次方程的数学内涵在运动学中的物理意义,解释了在利用一元二次方程解决运动学问题时出现"舍去"解的原因及其物理意义。     

开展“一村一名大学生计划”教学组织管理工作的实践与思考

我市“一村一名大学生计划”工作取得了一定的成效,教学工作得到了学员的欢迎。但是,“一村一名大学生计划”教学仍然存在一些问题,其教学工作仍然是一项亟须研究和提高的课题。