女性知识分子体成分与骨密度的调查研究

目的:研究女性知识分子的体成分与骨密度的关系.方法:应用GE Insight和Inbody 3.0测试630名不同年龄组女性知识分子的骨密度与身体成分,并进行统计分析.结果:女性知识分子的体重、肌肉、体脂肪、腰臀比、BMI随年龄的增大而增大,存在显著性差异;不同年龄组人群骨总量存在着非常显著性差异,骨强度在20～29岁达到最大,30～34岁、50～54岁明显下降;骨质正常占80.2%,缺乏占15.5%,疏松占3.3%;身高与骨强度、T、Z存在负相关,脂肪%与骨强度、T存在负相关,体重、BMI、去脂体重与Z值存在显著的相关性;BMI正常占67.6%.     

不同锻炼水平女生骨密度和身体成分的相关研究

目的：探讨不同锻炼水平女大学生骨密度（BMD）和身体成分的相关关系。方法：利用骨密度仪和人体成分分析仪对体育学院的女大学生28名（规律锻炼组）,非体育学院同年级的29名（对照组）进行跟踪测定骨密度和身体成分。结果：规律锻炼组骨密度T值、体重、肌肉和瘦体重（FFM）高于对照组（P〈0．05）,脂肪百分比（fat％）、腰臀比（WHR）低于对照组（P〈0．05）;骨密度T值与肌肉、FFM呈显著性正相关;与fat％呈显著性负相关。逐步回归分析表明,对女大学生骨密度T值有影响的因素为肌肉和fat％。结论：规律锻炼提高女大学生骨密度水平主要是通过运动增加肌肉水平来实现的;而体脂在体重中的比重增加会降低骨密度。     

体育锻炼对老年人骨密度的影响

通过对华东地区部分老年人跟骨骨密度(BMD)测量,探讨老年人衰老过程中跟骨BMD的性别差异以及体育锻炼对老年人跟骨BMD的影响.结果显示,老年人跟骨BMD存在着性别的高度显著性差异,老年男性跟骨BMD明显高于老年女性.老年男性常锻炼组的BMD显著高于不常锻炼组.结果提示,经常参加体育锻炼可以增加老年男性骨密度,从而减少骨质疏松症的发生.     

两种不同专项运动对人体骨密度的影响

运用实验法,探讨游泳和跳远两项运动对骨密度的影响。不同的运动类型对骨密度的影响不同。结果显示,游泳类与跳远运动员的上肢骨矿含量（BMC）、瘦体重（LEAN）和脂肪含量（Fat）没有明显差异;而跳远运动员下肢骨矿含量（BMC）、瘦体重（LEAN）明显比游泳类的高。得到结论：1）随着年龄的增长,运动员呈体脂增加、骨矿含量、肌肉量减少和骨密度降低的趋势。这是一种全身性的变化趋势;2）运动能够使机体产生有益的适应性变化,减缓骨矿含量和瘦体重的衰减速度。维持骨密度;3）建议在校大学生通过适度身体练习,特别是核心部位的力量练习,延缓这种身体成分的退行性变化。     

运动对大学生骨密度和体成分的影响及相互关系的研究

为探讨处于青春末期的大学生骨密度与体成分、肌力间的相互关系,采用定量超声法和生物电阻抗法对在校的体育专业大学生99人和非体育专业大学生107人进行了测试.研究结果表明:运动导致大学生跟骨骨密度提高,但骨密度的增加无性别差异;运动可以提高体成分中去脂体重的含量,降低体脂百分比;体育专业学生跟骨骨密度与去脂体重呈正相关,且体育专业女生体重与骨密度也呈正相关;男生的肌力与跟骨骨密度存在一定的相关性.结论:系统体育锻炼可以提高大学生跟骨骨密度,改善体成分的构成.女大学生体重是影响跟骨骨密度的重要因素.在青年期进行经常性的体育锻炼,对提高去脂体重、减少体脂量、增加骨密度均有良好的促进作用.     

用DEXA 技术测量体成分及可行性研究

采用DEXA技术测量人体成分，并对测量的瘦体重，脂肪含量与骨矿物质含量进行了相关分析，结果显示，受试者全身骨矿物质含量与全身瘦体重，脂肪含量，体重均呈中度正相关关系，双臂骨矿物质含量与双臂瘦体重，脂肪含量呈高度正相关关系，双腿骨矿物质含量与双腿瘦体重呈高度正相关关系，与双腿脂肪含量呈中度相关关系，躯干骨矿物质含量与躯干瘦体重呈中度正相关关系，与躯干脂肪含量呈低度正相关关系，全身及各个部位的骨矿物质含量与相应部位的体成分的相关分析表明，用DEXA技术进行身体成分的研究是有可行的。     

长江三角洲地区城市居民成年人身体成分和骨密度的调查分析

目的:分析长江三角洲地区城市居民成年人身体成分和骨密度的现状与变化规律,以期据此制定和采取有针对性的干预措施.方法:于2004年在实施一般性体质检测的基础上,对长江三角洲地区5852名20～59岁成年人(男性2897人,女性2955)的身体成分和骨密度相关指标进行测定.结果:1)男女体内水分的含量比例随年龄增加而逐渐减少,体脂肪率则随着年龄增加而增加,蛋白质和矿物质的含量比例则表现为先升后降的变化趋势;相同年龄的男女比较,男性各年龄段体内的水分、蛋白质和矿物质三种成分明显均高于女性(P＜0.01),而女性的体脂肪率则明显高于男性(P＜0.01).2)BuA随年龄递增表现为先升后降的变化趋势,其中男性在35～39年龄段达到最高值(79.22±16.43)dB/MHz,女性在30～34年龄段达到最高值(70.17±15.72)dB/MHz;男女BQI和SOS参数值均在20～24岁年龄段时最高,以后随年龄递增均呈现明显的下降趋势.男性在各年龄段的BQI、BUA和SOS都明显高于女性(P＜0.01).结论:成年男女蛋白质、矿物质、体脂肪等身体成分和骨密度在40岁左右时变化明显,女性体内蛋白质、矿物质明显低于男性,而体脂肪率则高于男性;女性骨量丢失年龄较男性提前,骨质疏松发生率也高于男性.     

青春突增期少年身体形态与骨发育的关联研究

本研究随机抽取北京市第27中学的初一、初二年级学生为研究对象,通过国民体质标准测试工具和双能量X线吸收骨密度测量仪对受试者的身体成分及相关形态指标进行测量。结果显示本研究中男生受试者大部分身体形态发育指标均与全身的骨矿含量和骨密度呈高度正相关（P〈0.01）。男、女受试者的瘦体重,肌肉组织重量等与骨量呈高度正相关,而体脂率指标与全身骨矿含量和骨密度都呈较低的相关度。这提示影响青春期少年骨发育的重要因素是其瘦体重及肌肉组织重量,而处于青春突增期的少年体脂率与骨量的多少并无太大相关性。     

中国城镇居民身体脂肪分布及增龄变化规律的研究

随着生长发育和体力活动等的进行,人体的身体成分会发生不同程度的改变,其中,身体脂肪含量的分布和变化规律的研究受到人们的关注.选取济南、广州、成都和西安4个城市的3～69岁城镇居民为研究对象,采用DEXA对受试对象的全身及各部位身体成分进行测量与分析.研究结果表明,我国城镇居民的体脂含量随年龄的增长而增大,并呈现出明显的阶段性,其中,男性分为3～6岁、7～29岁和30～69岁3个阶段;女性分为3～6岁、7～12岁、13～39岁和40～69岁4个阶段.进入成年后,我国城镇居民体重还在继续增长,但绝大部分是脂肪,男性约在88%,女性约在95%,而肌肉含量和骨矿物质保持平稳并略有下降.我国城镇居民身体脂肪的分布具有明显的增龄性规律,男性增龄性变化主要是向心性聚集,随年龄增长全身脂肪的50%～60%含量聚集在身体躯干部位,四肢的体脂率随年龄增长呈下降趋势;女性的脂肪随年龄的增长则主要向躯干和大腿两个部位聚集.     

黑龙江省青年男子短道速滑运动员体成分与跟骨超声参数的研究

采用文献资料法、测试法、数理统计法对黑龙江省青年男子短道速滑运动员体成分及跟骨超声参数的特点及相关性进行研究,为其科学运动训练提供有关体成分及骨代谢方面的资料。结果显示：短道速滑运动员体重、体脂率和瘦体重与普通大学生相比差异显著,与体育类大学生相比差异不显著;短道速滑运动员跟骨超声参数T值显著低于普通大学生和体育类大学生;Pearson相关分析和多元线性回归分析得出身高、体重、身体质量指数、瘦体重与T值呈显著相关,瘦体重是决定跟骨超声参数的主要因素。得出长期高强度的运动训练对黑龙江省青年男子短道速滑运动员跟骨超声参数产生了不良的影响,维持和增加瘦体重及制定适宜的运动训练方案,对促进黑龙江省青年男子短道速滑运动员骨健康,提高运动员的运动能力,防治运动性损伤是有益的。     

健骨运动处方的研究与应用

研究结果表明:适宜健骨运动使绝经后女性腰椎 L_(2-4)BMD、跟骨BUA水平升高,并使骨密度增加;健骨运动使锻炼者的跟骨 SOS水平升高,显示运动对骨强度的增强效应。     

长期排球训练对男大学生身体不同部位骨密度的影响

观察长期从事排球运动对身体不同部位骨密度和骨代谢相关生化指标的变化。方法:选择训练年限在5年以上排球运动员和本科大学生同龄男性志愿者各15名,分为训练组和非训练组。分别采用骨密度测定仪和血清放射免疫法测定受试者腰椎、股骨颈、股骨Ward区、双侧前臂的骨密度以及血清睾酮(T)、皮质醇(COR)、甲状旁腺素(PTH)、骨钙素(BGP)的变化。结果:训练组腰椎(L2-L4)、右前臂和髋关节区骨密度峰值明显增加,与非训练组相比较有显著性差异。静息状态下两组血清T、COR、PTH、BGP无明显差异,无统计学意义。结论:长期从事排球运动能有效地增加身体骨密度,但安静状态下对血清睾酮、皮质醇、甲状旁腺素、骨钙素无明显影响。     

Bone mineral density in top level male athletes of different sports

The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of muscle strength, trainingspecific and anthropometric parameters on bone mineral density (BMD) in male top athletes of different sports in comparison to untrained controls. BMD was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry in 173 males, aged 18 to 31 years. Of these, 104 were athletes (runners, n = 21; cyclists, n = 12; triathletes, n = 18), heavy athletes (HA, judo and wrestling, n = 28), and team sport athletes (TS, handball, soccer, basketball, volleyball, n = 25); 44 were unspecifically trained sport students (STU); and 25 were untrained controls (UT). Sport- and group-specific differences were found in anthropometric but not strength parameters. Marked sport- and group-specific differences were found for BMD at lumbar spine (LSP) and the femoral sites (FEM). Group-specific effects on BMD were clearest when calculating percentual differences between BMD of athletes and UT: In group I (HA, TS, and STU), BMD at LSP and FEM were significantly (p < .01) higher compared to UT; in group II (R and TRI), BMD at FEM but not at LSP was higher compared to UT (p <.01); and in group III (C), no BMD value was significantly different from UT. Multiple regression analysis revealed lean body mass to be the strongest predictor for BMD at LSP and FEM. We conclude that mechanical loads have strong effects on bone adaptation. Sport-specific and body region-specific effects have to be taken into account for evaluation of osteogenic effects of exercise. Particularly dynamic sports with short, high, and multidimensional loads have the strongest effects on bone formation, independent of training quantity.     

身高标准体重指标与大学生身体成分的关系

为探讨身高标准体重指标与身体成分的关系，以220名普通大学生（男女各110名）为实验对象，通过测量其身高、体重与身体成分，结果发现身高标准体重指标与身体成分之间相关性极低（P〉0．05），而体重指数（BMI）、体脂百分比和腰臀比（WHR）与身体成分有高度相关性（P〈0．01）。结论：（1）《大学生体质健康标准》中身高标准体重指标不能客观有效地评价身体成分；（2）建议在《大学生体质健康标准》中，评价身体成分的指标宜选体脂百分比、BMI和WHR，首选为体脂百分比。     

Bone mineral density and body composition in elite female golf and netball players

Abstract

The aim of this study was to compare bone density and body composition measurements in women participating in elite-level netball and golf, two sports with contrasting loading characteristics. Bone mineral density (BMD) and body composition were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in 14 state-level netball players (20.8±3.4 years), 11 single-digit handicap golf players (22.4±2.1 years) and a control group (n=18) not training for sport (22.6±3.6 years). Trunk extensor endurance and grip strength were also measured using the Sorensen test and hand-grip dynamometry respectively. Netball players had significantly higher total body, lumbar spine and hip BMD than the golf players (P<0.001) and control subjects (P<0.001). The golf players had higher BMD than the control subjects only in the lumbar spine (P<0.05). The netball players were significantly taller than the golf players and control group (P<0.01) and had a higher body mass than the control group (P<0.001). After adjustment for body height and mass, the BMD values in the netball players remained significantly higher than the control subjects at all sites (P<0.01), while the golf players had significantly higher lumbar spine BMD than the controls (P<0.05). Elite-level netball participation is associated with increased total body, hip and lumbar spine BMD, while this response was only evident in the lumbar spine in elite golf players. The contrasting loading characteristics of these sports may be reflected in the site-specific differences in BMD when compared to non-athletic control subjects.     

Influence of different sports on bone mass in growing girls

The aim of this study was to analyse whether there are differences in bone mass in girls playing different sports. Two hundred girls (10.6 ± 1.5 years old, Tanner stages I–III) participated in the study and were divided into groups of 40 (swimmers, soccer players, basketball players, handball players and controls). Bone mineral content and bone mineral density (BMD) (whole body and hip) were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The degree of sexual development was determined using Tanner test, and physical activity habits were recorded through a questionnaire designed ad hoc for this research. Girls were divided by pubertal stage and the type of sport. In the prepubertal group, intertrochanteric BMD was significantly higher in both handball and soccer players compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, in the pubertal group, total BMD, mean arms BMD, pelvis BMD, femoral neck BMD, intertrochanteric BMD and Ward’s triangle BMD were significantly higher in soccer and handball players compared with the control group (P < 0.05), and the swimmers showed significantly higher values in the mean arms BMD compared with the control group (P < 0.01). Our data suggest that sport practice during puberty, especially in activities that support the body weight, may be an important factor in achieving a high peak bone mass and improving bone health in girls.     

青年男子柔道运动员身体骨密度调查研究

采用双能X线骨密度仪(DXA)全身扫描测试的方法,对长期柔道专项训练的青年男子运动员19名(柔道组)和21名无正规的运动训练史的同龄男大学生(对照组)的骨密度(BMD)及某些身体指标进行对比分析,结果显示,柔道组和对照组骨密度、瘦体重和体脂百分率存在着显著性的差异(P<0.01);同时,柔道组BMD与身高、体重、瘦体重及体脂百分率具有较高的相关性。结果提示,身高、体重、瘦体重及体脂百分率等可影响骨密度值的大小,运动能提高全身骨密度。     

Do sporting activities convey benefits to bone mass throughout the skeleton?

It is well known that sport and exercise play an important role in stimulating site-specific bone mineral density (BMD). However, what is less well understood is how these benefits dissipate throughout the body. Hence, the aim of the present study was to compare the BMD (recorded at nine sites throughout the skeleton) of 106 male athletes (from nine sports) with that of 15 male non-exercising age-matched controls. Given that BMD is known to increase with body mass and peak with age, multivariate and univariate analyses of covariance were performed to compare the BMD of the nine sports groups with controls (at all sites) using body mass and age as covariates. Our results confirmed a greater adjusted BMD in the arms of the upper-body athletes, the right arm of racket players and the legs of runners (compared with controls), supporting the site-specific nature (i.e. specific to the externally loaded site) of the bone remodelling response (all P <0.01). However, evidence that bone mass acquisition is not just site-specific comes from the results of the rugby players, strength athletes, triathletes and racket players. The rugby players' adjusted BMD was the greatest of all sports groups and greater than controls at all nine sites (all P <0.01), with differences ranging from 8% greater in the left arm to 21% in the lumbar spine. Similarly, the strength athletes' adjusted BMD was superior to that of controls at all sites (P <0.05) except the legs. The adjusted BMD of the triathletes was significantly greater than that of the controls in both the arms and the legs as well as the thoracic and lumbar spine. The racket players not only had significantly greater right arm BMD compared with the controls but also a greater BMD of the lumbar spine, the pelvis and legs. In contrast, the low-strain, low-impact activities of keep-fit, cycling and rowing failed to benefit BMD compared with the age-matched controls. These results suggest that sporting activities involving high impact, physical contact and/or rotational forces or strains are likely to convey significant benefits not only to the loaded sites, but also to other unloaded peripheral and axial sites throughout the skeleton.