美国国家实验室大型科研设施建设对中国的启示——以国家高磁场实验室为例

本文通过不同视角剖析美国国家高磁场实验室(National High Magnetic Field Laboratory)的管理体制,并从人员管理、经费管理、开放共享、产学研合作等多个方面考察其运行机制,从而对依托大型科研设施的我国国家实验室的建设提供一定程度上的借鉴和参考。     

阿贡国家实验室管理模式的现状、特点及启示

通过从使命、愿景和价值观、外部管理体制、内部治理结构、经费来源、人员管理、设施共享等6个方面分析美国阿贡国家实验室的管理模式现状,可以发现其管理模式呈现以国家需求作为核心旨归、以合同管理理顺外部关系、以矩阵结构优化内部治理、以政府拨款保障高质运行、以灵活多样提升人力资源、以高度开放促进资源共享等特点。结合阿贡管理模式的现状与特点,提出对我国大学国家实验室管理模式有益的启示。     

国家实验室经费配置与管理机制研究——美国的经验与启示

国家实验室建设已成为我国推进创新型国家和科技强国建设的重要举措,迫切需要在管理体制机制上,特别是经费配置与管理方面进行革新。这不仅是我国国家实验室建设需要考虑的基本问题之一,也是国家实验室拟突破现有科研机构瓶颈的重要切入点。我国国家实验室建设的初级阶段迫切需要借鉴国际经验,而美国国家实验室管理与发展已较为成熟,具有重要借鉴意义。本文从财务管理视角切入,通过详细梳理美国国家实验室经费配置与管理特点,对我国拟筹建的国家实验室及科研机构经费配置与管理现状进行深入细致分析,旨在为建设我国国家实验室提出科学可行的建议。研究发现美国国家实验室以联邦政府资助为主的经费分配模式、全程多元监管体系、精准的绩效预算模式等卓有成效。建议我国国家实验室的经费配置遵循以任务为导向的原则,采用弹性制经费分配模式,完善管理程序和立法内容,辅以多元主体共同监督的模式,促使国家实验室经费配置与管理的规范化、制度化,进而提升经费的配置效率。     

高校科研实验室管理现状与体会

为提高高校科研能力,响应国务院印发的《统筹推进世界一流大学和一流学科建设总体方案》科学的管理高校科研实验室是完成"双一流"的重要的手段之一,文章以上海交通大学Bio-X中心实验室为例,从实验室人事管理,实验室试剂耗材管理,实验室仪器设备管理以及实验室经费管理四个方面阐述了实验室管理现状与体会。     

河南师范大学获国家自然科学基金项目资助的特点及相关问题

<正>科学基金作为我国支持自然科学基础研究的主要基金,成为高校科研经费资助的重要渠道,尤其是地方高校基础研究经费的主要来源。科学基金对地方高校基础科研能力提升、学科建设、人才队伍培养、重点科研平台建设等具有重要作用。随着国家对基础研究经费投入的迅速增加和科学基金自身资助类型的不断完善,获得科学基金资助的能力成为衡量高校基础科研水平的重要指标。而地方师范类     

基于循证设计的科研管理实施的经费困境研究——以国家自然科学基金-地方政府联合基金为例

科研管理实施的经费管理是国家科技发展计划目标实现的保障,既有别于科研项目资金管理,也不同于行政事业单位办公经费管理。现阶段的科研管理实施面临着一些困境,如(1)经费管理与科研管理活动或规律不符;(2)经费管理规定本身存在缺陷和不足,不利于科研管理活动实施等。利用循证管理研究并提出改进方案,以国家自然科学基金-地方政府联合基金为例,发现了组织实施费管理主要存在的问题,包括：(1)为了保障科研管理活动、并满足经费管理要求,经费管理需采用折衷或变通手段;(2)经费使用合理、合规与科研管理有效实施之间存在冲突或矛盾;(3)经费支出标准难以保障科研管理活动有效开展;(4)经费管理实践与管控要求不符等问题,并针对问题,通过多轮反馈和征询设计了解决方案,对科研管理实施的经费困境进行了探索,为制定和完善经费管理规定提供依据。     

美国生物医学类国家实验室建设案例剖析及对我国的启示——以弗雷德里克癌症研究国家实验室为例

通过对隶属于美国卫生与公众服务部的生物医学类国家实验室——弗雷德里克癌症研究国家实验室的建设思路、运营机制、科研实力、研发经费收支情况、大型科学设施的开放共享、教育和社会服务及开放合作等方面进行研究,分析特点,借鉴经验,为我国生物医学类国家实验室建设提供参考。     

美国联邦政府依托高校运营管理的国家实验室特点及其发展经验

本文介绍了美国国家实验室起源和发展,着重阐明了其中依托高校运营管理的国家实验室的若干特点,并且从这些国家实验室主任的任命、经费获取、项目管理等9个方面分析其发展经验,以期对我国的重点实验室建设提供借鉴参考。     

国家科技项目经费匹配及其恰当运用

通过对我国科技项目经费匹配现状的考察,借鉴美国相关经验教训,指出国家科技项目经费匹配既有积极方面又有消极方面。我国科技项目之所以比较普遍和高额度地采用经费匹配,是因为看到了其多方筹集经费、促进地方政府和承担单位加强管理等积极方面,而忽视了影响公平竞争、削弱地方政府和承担单位自主科研能力、造成科技经费分配的"马太效应"等消极方面。为此,本文提出一系列政策建议,以便恰当地运用经费匹配,促进国家科技事业健康发展。     

国家公益性行业科研专项管理模式的探讨

国家公益性行业科研专项是我国实施的六个重大科研项目之一,具有明显的行业性、公益性、应急性、培育性、基础性等特点,对行业体系建设和科技研发能力提升具有十分重要的意义。近年来,随着行业专项项目数量和经费的逐步增加,建立和完善行业专项的管理模式在科研管理工作中的重要性日益凸显。针对目前行业科研专项的管理现状,从项目实施单位的角度对管理机制、过程管理、经费管理、绩效考评等方面进行探讨,提出可供参考的行业专项管理模式。     

Students' Reactions to the Introduction of Videoconferencing for Classroom Instruction

This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors.     

Cooler temperatures inductive to locust outbreaks

Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007.     

Exploring Multiplexity: Social Network Structures in a Computer-Supported Distance Learning Class

A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction.     

The Role of Intermediating Institutions in the Diffusion of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): How Industry Associations Intervened in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong

Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies.     

How Electronic Publishers are Protecting Against Piracy: Doubts About Technical Systems of Protection

The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means.     

Rough Justice: A Statistical Assessment of ICANN's Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy

Long-standing conflict between domain name registrants and trademark holders prompted the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to create a global, mandatory arbitration procedure known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). The UDRP has been used in 2166 cases involving 3938 domain names as of 1 November 2000. The policy gives the initiator of a complaint, generally a trademark holder, the right to choose which ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider (RSP) will handle the case. During the preparation of the UDRP,some feared that complainant selection would lead to "forum shopping" that might bias the results. This article performs a statistical assessment of the forum-shopping thesis and finds support for it. There are statistically significant differences in the various RSPs' propensity to take away names from defendants; there are also major differences in the number of cases brought to each RSP. RSPs who take away names have the larger share of cases. The study examines other variables that might explain differences in market share, such as price, the plaintiff's nationality, or the time taken to decide a case. It finds that nationality and time also are correlated with market share. The study concludes that shopping for a favorable outcome is an important factor in the UDRP.     

Prevalence of soft neurological signs in Chinese people

Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen, a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology, has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology.     

Monoculture Rubber Plantations Have Negative Ef ects on Controlling Splash Erosion

<正>In Xishuangbanna,one of China’s most biodiverse regions,landscape has changed dramatically during the past three decades due to the conversion of tropical rainforest to rubber plantations.In steep areas,terraces are often constructed before planting rubber trees,which causes two important changes in the soil:the destabilization of soil in the bench terraces and the increased vulnerability of unvegetated riser faces to erosion.Few studies have documented the nature and intensity of erosion on bench terraces.Prof.LIU Wenjie and his colleagues from the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden(XTBG)conducted a study in Menglun County(21°5′39″N,101°15′55″E),Xishuangbanna to evaluate the influence     

Chinese Scientists Use Earth Observation Technologies to Study and Protect Wild Camels

<正>Chinese scientists plan to apply Earth Observation technologies to protect the critically endangered wild camels(Camelus ferus).With the help of remote sensing,satellite positioning,geographical information system and wireless sensors networks,they will be able to access the distribution and population of the wild camels and protect their habitats.The project will be carried out by the International Research Center for Wild Camel Conservation,which was jointly established earlier this year by the Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth(RADI)of the Chinese     

More than Skin Deep – Understand Skin Biology by Means of Dermatogenomics

<正>The Paul Gerson Unna Research Group on Dermatogenomics was founded in October 2012 at the Partner Institute for Computational Biology.The ultimate goal of the group is to understand the biology of skin and skin appendages.