Assessing the effects of a deliberate policy mix: The case of technology and innovation advisory services and innovation vouchers

While innovation policy mixes combining several policy instruments have been advocated as a response to complex problems, there is very little evidence of their effectiveness compared to that of individual instruments. By considering a set of Italian regional policy programmes implemented in 2011–2014, we analysed a policy mix composed of: (i) technology and innovation advisory services, the aim of which is to help small and medium enterprises (SMEs) to gain a better awareness of their innovation needs and of how to address them; and (ii) innovation vouchers, which are used to subsidise SME purchases of knowledge-intensive services. To draw causal inferences on their differential effectiveness, we adopted a propensity-score-matching approach extended to multiple treatment levels.We found that advisory services are more effective than innovation vouchers and as effective as policy mixes in increasing SME propensity to innovate and engage in R&D collaborations. Conversely, policy mixes are more effective than each individual instrument in increasing productivity. Hence, merely providing SMEs with technology and innovation advice is not sufficient to elicit productivity improvements; SMEs also need to act on such advice by working with external providers of knowledge-intensive services in order to implement efficiency-producing changes.     

知识密集型服务机构与集群制造企业交互创新的自发演化研究

知识密集型服务机构与集群制造企业关系的本质在于交互。企业技术创新需要知识密集型服务机构,知识密集型服务内植于创新过程,同时,知识密集型服务机构也助推企业技术创新,并从创新成果中受益。通过将二者交互过程作为一个演化捕鹿博弈模型加以分析,证实在一个具有不确定性和有界理性空间中,确实会自发形成知识密集型服务机构与集群制造企业的创新网络,同时,此创新网络存在两个演化稳定战略,分别对应于两个交互模式。为此,提出要强化知识密集型服务机构与集群制造企业之间的承诺行为,建立完善的知识产权保护系统,能促使创新网络更好地作用于企业技术创新,进而提升整个产业集群的创新水平。     

Modularity and innovation in knowledge-intensive business services: IT outsourcing in Germany and the UK

Drawing on an empirical study of IT outsourcing in the UK and Germany, this paper explores the lessons for modularity that can be drawn from the outsourcing of knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS). Because of the inseparability of information and production technologies, IT outsourcing is frequently accompanied by wider transformations in clients’ production technologies. This results in the need for knowledge and organisational coordination in the form of the transfer of staff from the client and the retained IT organisation. Modularity is often presented as a design strategy that stimulates innovation. Our research findings challenge the generalisability of this claim when examining KIBS outsourcing. We show that intangibility of services exacerbates the conflicts between clients and suppliers, which may present obstacles to innovation.     

Innovation in the service sector: The demand for service-specific innovation measurement concepts and typologies

There is evidence that the notion of innovation, well established in the manufacturing sector, cannot simply be transposed to the service sector. This article deals critically with existing measurement concepts derived from manufacturing, and introduces a new typology with a view to obtaining a better understanding of innovation in services. Selected results from the German innovation survey are analysed in order to support the conceptual findings and to identify potential improvements. Special attention is directed towards the inclusion of knowledge-intensive business services that are of particular importance for innovation processes.     

科技服务业对制造业效率的影响——基于科技创新活动异质性视角

文章基于科技创新活动异质性的视角,运用DEA-BCC模型分析了我国2010—2017 年的各地区科技服务业不同创新活动对制造业效率的影响。研究结果显示：科技服务业两类创新活动对制造业效率的促进作用存在差异,技术成果转化活动更能促进制造业效率的提升;科技服务业科学研究活动对制造业效率的影响主要体现在促进制造业经济效益提高,技术成果转化活动则体现在促进制造业创新能力提升。此外,科技服务业对制造业效率的促进作用存在明显省际差异。     

宏观创新系统中知识密集型服务业的功能研究

随着信息技术和知识产业的迅猛发展,知识密集型服务业开始被纳入创新研究的范畴,本文旨在从宏观层面分析知识密集型服务业在构筑国家创新系统和全球创新系统中的功能,提出知识密集型服务业不但承担了宏观创新系统中知识扩散子系统的功能,还扮演了知识基础设施的重要角色。为此,如何系统考察知识密集型服务业在宏观创新系统中的地位,如何构筑起知识经济时代的宏观创新系统,成为宏观创新系统设计的重要课题。     

Business services as actors of knowledge transformation: the role of KIBS in regional and national innovation systems

Over the last years, there has been a significant increase in the attention paid to the activities of knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS). KIBS produce and diffuse knowledge, which is crucial for innovation processes. The paper gives an overview of the role and function of KIBS in innovation systems and their knowledge production, transformation and diffusion activities. Focusing on innovation interactions between manufacturing small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and KIBS, the empirical analyses grasps KIBS position in five regional contexts. The analysis leads to the conclusion that innovation activities link SMEs and KIBS through the process of knowledge generation and diffusion.     

Analysis of sources of innovation, technological innovation capabilities, and performance: An empirical study of Hong Kong manufacturing industries

The concept of the regional innovation system (RIS) has been developed into an important framework for evaluating innovation performance. The study reported in this paper explores the relationship between the RIS and the firm's innovation system (FIS) according to the basic premise that firms that better utilize sources of information (SI) available within their regional innovation system (RIS) perform better due effect this has in enhancing the firm's technological innovation capabilities (TICs). The different innovation capabilities of a firm are regarded as the key components of the firm's innovation system. The sources of information available within an RIS include external sources (EXT) and external expert organizations, the latter of which are referred to as knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS). This study also explores the dual role of KIBS as both sources of and bridges for innovation in the RIS. Data were obtained through a mailed survey using a self-administered questionnaire. The utilization concept and the dual role of KIBS were verified. The results show that externally available information affects all innovation capabilities of the firm, while external expert organizations affect only the firm's R&D and resources allocation capabilities. This study contributes to the RIS literature by providing empirical evidence on how firms can interact with the RIS by utilizing SI to enhance their TICs and achieve global competitiveness.     

Cloud-based business services innovation: A risk management model

Cloud computing providers and their software-as-a-service offerings have become more profuse and mature, making cloud technology an increasingly important platform for business services innovation. Although the cloud offers rich opportunities for transforming businesses—innovating existing services and introducing creative new ones—it also involves risks that business managers must identify and resolve to successfully drive innovation efforts. However, no comprehensive models are available to help managers assess and mitigate the risks they face. To address this void, we reviewed extant literature on cloud computing from a business innovation perspective to uncover the myriad challenges managers confront as they seek to leverage cloud technology in the ongoing transformation of their organization’s service offerings. Combining this systematic literature analysis with relevant theory, we synthesized an integrated model for managing risk during innovation of cloud-based business services. The model identifies three types of risks (services, technology, and process risks) and four types of resolutions (stakeholder engagement, technology development, innovation planning, and innovation control). The model also helps managers identify their organization’s general risk profile and link that profile to a specific configuration of resolutions.     

面向技术创新的知识密集型服务

技术创新能力是企业生存与发展的核心竞争力,其发展必然伴随着知识密集型服务(KIBS)的发展.从商业服务出发.讨论了知识密集型服务与一般服务的关系,并进一步分析了KIBs与技术创新的互动关系.基于KIBS与技术创新互动的本质关系.提出了互动的宏观与微观系统动力学模型并进行了分析,最后给出了结论.     

Which types of knowledge-intensive business services firms collaborate with universities for innovation?

Drawing on data from an original survey of UK and US publicly traded knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS) firms, we investigate what types of KIBS firms collaborate with universities and consider the collaboration important for their innovation. First, we find that science-based KIBS firms (those engaged in a science, technology, and innovation [STI] mode of organizational learning), like science-based manufacturing firms, are active collaborators with universities for innovation. This relationship is further enhanced if these firms also provide highly customized services. Second, in contrast to the existing literature suggesting that firms engaged in a doing, using, and interacting (DUI) mode of organizational learning do not regard collaboration with universities as important for their innovation, we find that KIBS firms engaged in a DUI mode of organizational learning and offering highly customized services are active collaborators with universities for innovation, despite the fact that they may not possess highly formalized scientific knowledge. These findings suggest that KIBS firms co-create knowledge with universities differently than manufacturing firms. Moreover, the findings highlight the wide variety of roles that KIBS firms play in innovation networks with universities.     

Open service innovation and the firm's search for external knowledge

The concept of open innovation captures the increasing propensity of firms to work across their traditional boundaries of operation. This phenomenon has largely been studied from the viewpoint of manufacturing businesses while services have received much less attention despite the predominant role they play in advanced economies. This paper focuses on open innovation in services, both as a subsector of the economy and as a component of the activities of manufacturing firms. We study the open innovation practices of business services firms and then consider the implications for open innovation of the adoption of a service inclusive business model by manufacturing firms. Our analyses are based on a unique dataset with information on open innovation activities amongst UK firms. Overall, engagement in open innovation increases with firm size and R&D expenditure. Business services are more active open innovators than manufacturers; they are more engaged in informal relative to formal open innovation practices than manufacturers; and they attach more importance to scientific and technical knowledge than to market knowledge compared to manufacturing firms. Open innovation practices are also associated with the adoption of a service inclusive business model in manufacturing firms and service-integrated manufacturers engage in more informal knowledge-exchange activities. The paper contributes towards a reconceptualisation of open innovation in service businesses and a deeper evidence-based understanding of the service economy.     

知识密集型服务业集聚对制造业结构升级的影响研究——基于浙江省2008-2017年面板数据

将知识密集型服务业细分为四类子行业,运用区位熵的方法测算行业整体集聚度和各子行业的集聚水平,并以浙江省2008--2017年的地级市面板数据为样本,通过多元回归计量模型研究知识密集型服务业整体集聚和各子行业集聚对制造业结构升级的影响.实证结果显示,知识密集型服务业整体集聚明显有利于制造业结构升级,而各个子行业集聚对制造结构升级的影响有所不同.     

阿里商业生态系统及平台运作模式探究

伴随互联网在我国的兴起与发展,生态系统在电子商务领域呈现出新型业态,阿里巴巴网络技术有限公司（简称阿里巴巴集团）以核心电子商务平台、用户群和合作机构组成完整的开放系统,成为进军银行业、IT行业、物流业等多行业领域重要推动力。围绕阿里巴巴集团商业系统中电商核心业务和支撑电商体系的金融业务,研究其如何利用互联网技术配套本地生活服务、健康医疗等基础设施,并融入游戏、视频、音乐等泛娱乐业务和智能终端业务,形成自身完整的商业生态圈。通过实证研究阿里巴巴集团的产业链发展水平和产业创新能力的耦合机制,探析阿里巴巴商务生态系统的协调发展水平,为更多电子商务类企业布局发展提供可借鉴模式。     

基于企业创新发展需求的高校图书馆信息服务的内容及途径分析

企业创新发展需要信息的支撑和信息服务工作的保障,企业的信息需求和高校图书馆所具有的服务优势,使一些图书馆开展了面向企业创新的信息服务工作。但由于受诸多因素的影响, 效果并不令人满意。因此为了避免这些问题的制约,高校图书馆应立足企业创新信息需求背景,完善信息服务内容,加强业内合作,扩展服务方式,提高服务效率,为企业创新发展提供便捷、快速、高效的信息服务。     

Embodied knowledge and sectoral linkages: An input-output approach to the interaction of high- and low-tech industries

This paper considers the measurement of the direct and indirect flows of knowledge between different technology-intensive industries in France, Germany, Norway, Sweden, and the United States. Using the OECD Input-Output database and the ANBERD database, we show that product-embodied knowledge accounts for about half of total technology use, on average, but with a substantial variation between industries. We then develop a general two-sector linkage measure that allows us to examine the interaction between predominantly technology producing industries (generally high-tech) and predominantly technology using industries (generally low-tech). This study shows that the medium-high and medium-low tech industries, identified as specialized-supplier and scale-intensive industries, including knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS), are essential for the production, diffusion and use of technology, and hence for economic growth.     

知识服务机构联结多样化与制造企业服务创新

与知识服务机构建立联结是制造企业获取服务创新资源的重要路径,多样化联结究竟会对制造企业服务创新绩效产生何种影响,是一个缺乏关注但亟待回答的问题。鉴于此,本文以重庆203个制造企业为样本,考察知识服务机构联结伙伴多样化、联结地域多样化对制造企业服务创新绩效的直接影响,并对跨界搜索经验的调节效应进行检验。研究结果表明：联结伙伴多样化对制造企业服务创新绩效具有倒U效应;联结地域多样化对制造企业服务创新绩效存在正向线性效应,但没有曲线效应;跨界搜索经验调节联结伙伴多样化和制造企业服务创新绩效间的倒U型关系;跨界搜索经验增强了联结地域多样化对制造企业服务创新绩效的正向影响,而曲线关系的调节效应未得到证实。本研究结论推进了组织间关系视角下的制造企业服务创新理论研究,为制造企业选择合适的知识服务机构联结多样性进行服务创新提供了启示。, 与知识服务机构建立联结是制造企业获取服务创新资源的重要路径,多样化联结究竟会对制造企业服务创新绩效产生何种影响,是一个缺乏关注但亟待回答的问题。鉴于此,本文以重庆203个制造企业为样本,考察知识服务机构联结伙伴多样化、联结地域多样化对制造企业服务创新绩效的直接影响,并对跨界搜索经验的调节效应进行检验。研究结果表明：联结伙伴多样化对制造企业服务创新绩效具有倒U效应;联结地域多样化对制造企业服务创新绩效存在正向线性效应,但没有曲线效应;跨界搜索经验调节联结伙伴多样化和制造企业服务创新绩效间的倒U型关系;跨界搜索经验增强了联结地域多样化对制造企业服务创新绩效的正向影响,而曲线关系的调节效应未得到证实。本研究结论推进了组织间关系视角下的制造企业服务创新理论研究,为制造企业选择合适的知识服务机构联结多样性进行服务创新提供了启示。     

知识服务机构联结与制造企业双元服务创新

开展双元服务创新既能保持制造企业在成熟产品市场的竞争力,又能开发新服务以占领新兴市场,从而保证更大竞争优势的获取。但,利用与探索将争夺本就稀缺的服务创新资源,很难同时追求。基于关系网络视角,本文提出,与知识服务机构建立联结是制造企业接近并获取服务创新资源,进而破解资源困境、促进双元服务创新的重要路径。为此,以宁波和重庆两地共296个制造企业为样本,考察知识服务机构联结对制造企业双元服务创新的影响,并对技术能力与战略柔性的调节效应进行检验。结果表明：知识服务机构联结正向促进制造企业双元服务创新;技术能力对知识服务机构联结与双元服务创新间关系的调节效应呈倒U 型;资源柔性、协调柔性正向调节知识服务机构联结与双元服务创新的关系。本研究结论对于制造企业服务创新和组织双元创新文献有着重要理论贡献,对制造企业合理配置静态、动态能力以发挥知识服务机构联结对双元服务创新的促进性影响提供了管理启示。     

服务化战略对企业绩效的影响-基于商业模式创新的中介作用

基于服务化和商业模式理论,构建服务化战略、商业模式创新及企业绩效三者之间的理论模型。以我国236家实施服务化转型的制造企业为样本,进行实证检验。研究结果表明：产品导向的服务化战略对企业绩效具有显著的正向影响,客户导向的服务化战略对企业绩效的影响则呈U型曲线关系;商业模式创新在服务化战略影响企业绩效关系中起部分中介作用。研究从商业模式创新视角揭示了服务化战略对企业绩效的影响路径,拓展了服务化战略与企业绩效的关系理论,并对实施服务化战略的制造企业通过商业模式创新来提升企业绩效提供了理论指导。     

知识密集型服务业创新范式初探

经济和技术的日新月异引发了服务知识化时代的降临, 出现了新兴的服务产业--知识密集型服务业,并引起了创新理论研究者的关注。当我们回顾目前的创新理论时,发现它基本以传统制造业作为创新范式研究的基础,而缺乏对以知识密集型服务业的创新范式的研究。如果单纯地把以制造业为基础的创新范式移植到知识密集型服务业中来,就会因忽视两者间的差异而导致研究结果出现偏差。本文分析了知识密集型服务创新活动的一些基本特征,对知识密集型服务业的创新范式与制造业的创新范式作了对比分析,在此基础上概括提出了知识密集型服务业创新范式的若干基本特征。