从中国学生英语口语交际看please的语用功能

本文通过对中国学生英语口语语料库的检索,展现了please的语境共现,证实了please作为语篇标识词具有组织话语和表达交际意图的语用功能。     

浅析利用语境线索猜测词义

本文根据目前我国大部分高中生及一部分大学生等英语学习者中仍存在着独立应对生词的弱点的现象，论述了英语学习者如何利用上下文语境线索猜测词义的三种方法，并强调英语学习者应该在英语学习过程中有意识地培养和训练这种能力。     

IRT下猜测现象和失误现象的原因阐释与数学推导

在测验中存在着被试在相对高难度试题上得分的猜测现象,也存在着被试在较容易试题上失分的失误现象。本文详细分析导致猜测现象和失误现象的各种可能原因。从数学公式推导的角度论证可得:在一定测验情境下,被试答对试题难度越大,获得前进的能力步长越大,被试能力被相对高估;被试答错试题难度越小,"被惩罚"后退的能力步长绝对值越大,被试能力被相对低估。     

On the Performance of Semi- and Nonparametric Item Response Functions in Computer Adaptive Tests

Large-scale assessments often use a computer adaptive test (CAT) for selection of items and for scoring respondents. Such tests often assume a parametric form for the relationship between item responses and the underlying construct. Although semi- and nonparametric response functions could be used, there is scant research on their performance in a CAT. In this work, we compare parametric response functions versus those estimated using kernel smoothing and a logistic function of a monotonic polynomial. Monotonic polynomial items can be used with traditional CAT item selection algorithms that use analytical derivatives. We compared these approaches in CAT simulations with a variety of item selection algorithms. Our simulations also varied the features of the calibration and item pool: sample size, the presence of missing data, and the percentage of nonstandard items. In general, the results support the use of semi- and nonparametric item response functions in a CAT.     

对IRT局部独立性假设问题的认识

本文对项目反应理论（IRT）局部独立性问题的主要研究成果进行了文献梳理。在此基础上,阐释局部独立性假设的定义。文章同时就局部独立性与测验维度的关系,局部依赖的甄别与计算、起因和控制程序,以及局部依赖对测量实践的影响进行讨论,并探讨了题组中局部题目依赖问题的解决策略。     

Generalizability in Item Response Modeling

An approach called generalizability in item response modeling (GIRM) is introduced in this article. The GIRM approach essentially incorporates the sampling model of generalizability theory (GT) into the scaling model of item response theory (IRT) by making distributional assumptions about the relevant measurement facets. By specifying a random effects measurement model, and taking advantage of the flexibility of Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) estimation methods, it becomes possible to estimate GT variance components simultaneously with traditional IRT parameters. It is shown how GT and IRT can be linked together, in the context of a single-facet measurement design with binary items. Using both simulated and empirical data with the software WinBUGS, the GIRM approach is shown to produce results comparable to those from a standard GT analysis, while also producing results from a random effects IRT model.     

话语中语境的功能

本文介绍了中外主要的语境理论,认为语境在话语分析及实际教学中起着至关重要的作用,并对语境的内容给予了尝试性划分.结合英汉实例,对语境的具体功能作了简要描述.     

根据上下文猜出单词策略在英语阅读教学中的应用

根据上下猜出单词策略是好学生普遍采用的一种词汇学习方法。作在阅读教学过程中通过训练学生使用这一策略。取得了较好的效果,提高了学生使用该策略的自觉性,从而提高了学生词汇处理能力和阅读能力。     

语境的作用

语境在说写中的作用是多样的 ,也是具体的 ,可以分析为四个方面 :使寻常词语别具情趣 ;有助于理解言外之意 ;使词语内涵发生变化 ;使词语及修辞的表达效果发生变化。当然 ,语境的作用不是绝对的 ,在说写时 ,还要注意人们的心理接受焦点 ;在理解时 ,须准确把握人物语言与语境的悖反现象     

语境的语篇制约功能

主要讨论语境对语篇的制约功能。语言的使用离不开一定的语言环境。系统功能语法核心内容之一就是语境支配言语活动并决定意义的选择。语境对语篇的制约表现在两个方面 :一、语境制约语篇的类型。二、语境制约语篇意义的选择。语境的这种制约功能是通过语义结构 (semioticstructure)来实现的     

The Consequences of Ignoring Item Parameter Drift in Longitudinal Item Response Models

Utilizing a longitudinal item response model, this study investigated the effect of item parameter drift (IPD) on item parameters and person scores via a Monte Carlo study. Item parameter recovery was investigated for various IPD patterns in terms of bias and root mean-square error (RMSE), and percentage of time the 95% confidence interval covered the true parameter. The simulation results suggest that item parameters were not recovered well when IPD was ignored, especially if there was a larger number of IPD conditions. In addition, coverage was not accurate in all IPD conditions when IPD is ignored. Also, the results suggest that the accuracy of person scores (measured by bias) is potentially problematic when the larger number of IPD items is ignored. However, the overall accuracy (measured by RMSE) and coverage were unexpectedly acceptable in the presence of IPD as defined in this study.     

An Alternative to the 3PL: Using Asymmetric Item Characteristic Curves to Address Guessing Effects

Both the statistical and interpretational shortcomings of the three‐parameter logistic (3PL) model in accommodating guessing effects on multiple‐choice items are well documented. We consider the use of a residual heteroscedasticity (RH) model as an alternative, and compare its performance to the 3PL with real test data sets and through simulation analyses. Our results suggest advantages to the RH approach, including closer fit to real data, more interpretable parameter estimates, and greater psychological plausibility.     

语境在翻译中的作用

语境又称上下文,它指各语言单位的语言环境。它有广义和狭义之分。狭义上下文指句子的范围内,该单位的一些语言单位;广义上下文指该单位的超出句子范围的语言环境。正确理解语境,可以解决翻译中语言多义性的问题,也可以帮助理解具体语言环境下语言的具体意义。     

The Functions of Context in Translation

Context that belongs to linguistics has been chosen to research,since many difficulties emerge in dealing with understanding and expressing source text in the process of translation.And context is one of the major factors exerting impact on translation.     

口语交际中的语境观

语用学的不断发展使得语境成为语言学研究的热门课题。讨论语境在口语交际中的特征与功能,以帮助人们更自觉地把握语境、更好地实施交际意图,从而把言语交际推向一个更加完善的境地。     

关于copula函数的两种半参数估计方法的比较

本文以沪深300股指期货与上证指数的日收益率序列作为建模对象,通过两种基于经验分布的半参数估计copula参数的方法对两序列进行了相关性分析.结果表明,通过QQ、K-S拟合检验以及欧式距离,这两种方法所估计的Gumbel-copula模型均能更好地描述沪深300股指期货与上证指数的相关关系.     

语境和语篇衔接视阈下的NEMT阅读理解词义猜测题解析

语篇的理解离不开语境,衔接是构成语篇的重要手段之一。在语境和语篇衔接理论框架之下,从语境的分类和语境线索两个方面对近几年NEMT阅读理解题中根据上下文推测词义的题目进行分析,为一线的中学英语教师提出阅读教学建议。     

语境在中学英语教学中的作用

语境 ,即语言环境 ,指的是运用语言进行交际的一定的具体场合 ,也就是产生语言活动的环境 ,包括时间、空间、语言交际参与者和语言活动的目的等等。根据交际的原则 ,语言交际必须切合语言环境。语言活动离开了语境 ,就无法进行 ,词语脱离了语境 ,其词义就无法理解。语境是语言交际的基础 ,正如这两句英语名言所说的“Ｎｏｃｏｎｔｅｘｔ，ｎｏｔｅｘｔ”、“Ｙｏｕｋｎｏｗａｗｏｒｄｂｙｔｈｅｃｏｍｐａｎｙｉｔｋｅｅｐｓ”。由此可见 ,语境在英语教学中是一个不可忽视的重要部分。随着语用学科的发展 ,越来越多的语言家意识到了语境的重…     

浅析语境在语义表达中的语用功能

准确掌握语义与分析掌握语境的能力有直接关系。作者试图通过语境与语义作用的分析 ,借以强调培养和增强语境意识 ,提高语境分析和有效地利用语境的能力。