The Introduction of English‐language Education in Early Colonial Hong Kong

This article examines the attitudes of the colonial and metropolitan governments towards the promotion of English‐language education on Hong Kong Island between 1842 and 1860. The study, which draws on a range of unpublished primary sources, was conducted in response to Whitehead’s recent call for detailed case studies of colonial education policies. This article explores, within the context of Hong Kong, a centrally important aspect of education in the Empire, and one that has been the subject of surprisingly little archival research: British policies towards the teaching and learning of English as a second language. The article begins by analysing the political, economic and demographic forces that influenced the study and use of English in Hong Kong during the 1840s and 1850s, and then moves on to examine language policies and practices in the colony’s mission schools, with a particular focus on the Morrison Education Society School, the first Western school to be established on the Island after the British occupation. The final section analyses the introduction of English teaching in the government vernacular schools in the early 1850s.     

God's antipodean teaching force: An historical exposition on Catholic teaching religious in Australia

From the 1850s to the 1970s the teaching force in Catholic schools in Australia was dominated by priests, female religious and brothers. This paper details the scope of existing research on these teachers, the demands of their religious vocation, their own education, the atmosphere which they established in the schools, leadership opportunities, and the ‘darker side’ of their way of life. Such expositions can promote reflection on the possibility that teaching can be influenced by discourses of ‘vocation’ and ‘the giving of service’, every bit as much as it can be by ‘industrial’ and ‘labour’ perspectives.     

韩国中小学道德教育理论与实践评析——兼谈对我国中小学道德教育的启示

韩国重视学校德育，尤其是中小学阶段的道德教育，把德育作为塑造民族灵魂的重要渠道。韩国的学校德育以弘扬民族精神为核心，深受中华儒家思想的影响，并在发展过程中形成了自身的特色。文章对韩国中小学的道德教育理论与实践进行了分析和评价，希望能够给我国中小学道德教育的发展带来些许启示。     

Education under the shadow of politics: school buildings in Cyprus during the British colonial period

This paper examines how politics have shaped Turkish Cypriot educational institutions and school buildings in Cyprus, focusing on the British colonial period (1878–1960). Unlike other British colonies, Cyprus enjoyed considerable autonomy on educational matters in the early decades of British occupation. During this period education, which was segregated, played a pivotal role in cultivating national aspirations of the two major ethnic populations on the island. The two decades following the 1931 revolt against the colonial regime was a period in which the British took serious measures in matters relating not only to education but also to school architecture. Atatürk’s reforms in creating a new modern Turkish society, on the other hand, evoked Turkish Cypriot ethnic nationalism. Without having the tension of the ideals of nationalism and modernism Turkey had to pacify, Turkish Cypriots embraced the modern as necessarily national and built their schools during and after the 1950s in a modern style.     

Engagement with empires: Irish Catholic female religious teachers in colonial South Australia 1868–1901

This paper addresses the roles of Irish Catholic female religious institutes for teachers in the context of the recent debates about education and empire. Nineteenth century colonial South Australia provides an opportunity to examine such institutes, for example the Irish Dominicans from Cabra Dublin, the Irish Mercy Institute from Baggot Street, Dublin, and to a much lesser extent, the English Dominicans from Stone in England. The discussion canvasses the notion of the role of these religious teachers within three empires: the British Empire, the Irish church acting as a ‘Second Empire’, and within a third empire, the ‘Woman's Empire’. Key aspects in examining the flow or transference of education by these Sisters in a colonial setting, lie in their own histories, their spiritual focus, the schools they established for their students, and the curriculum they adopted in the social and geographic environments in which they found themselves.     

Creating the “International Mind”: The League of Nations Attempts to Reform History Teaching, 1920–1939

After the First World War, the League of Nations, through its International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation, attempted to reshape the teaching of history in its member states. The League's supporters realized that its long‐term success depended in part on supportive public opinion and that this, in turn, had implications for education. Aware of the strength of national loyalties, the League sought not to abolish the teaching of national history but to suffuse it with the spirit of the “international mind.” To this end, the League promoted revision of history textbooks and curricula, retraining of teachers, and rethinking of teaching methods. National governments responded by including some study of the League in history curricula but ignored the League's broader plans. Nonetheless, the League's attempt to internationalize the teaching of history opened up a debate that continues today as schools seek to strike a balance between claims of national and global history.     

“The Problem isn’t Yourself Overcoming,it’s Other People Overcoming You:” A Decolonizing Mental Health DSE Curricular Cripstemology Reading of Daniel and Luna’s Intersectional Dis/ability Experiences

This study brings together 2 case studies to interrogate the intersectional experiences of historically marginalized youth at the intersections of power and identity from a decolonizing mental health disability studies in education (DSE) cripstemology approach. Specifically, we analyzed how US schools create normalized meanings of mental health. Daniel was a 1st-generation Mexican American to the United States, bilingual in both Spanish and English, and was labeled with a learning disability and a speech and language impairment. Daniel was born in Pinole, a southwestern major urban city and was in the 8th grade. Luna, a 16-year-old 10th-grader who lived at home with his mother and his stepfather and identifies as an Arab American, was on an individual education program for his disabilities including mild cerebral palsy, apraxia, and dysarthria. Luna identified as a pansexual and transgender individual and experiences depression and suicide ideation. There were similarities and differences between Daniel and Luna’s experiences related to intersectional disability oppressions that were interpersonal and institutional, their identity processes around school contexts tied to their ethnicities, language use, sexuality, and their experiences with colonial mental health hegemony. Our framework created new knowledge for theory, research, and praxis within US schools.     

Schoolmaster's Empire: Race,Conquest, and the Centralization of Common Schooling in California, 1848–1879

This article explores how education reformers in California pioneered forms of centralized educational governance between 1850 and 1879. Challenging previous scholarship that has attributed the success of this early educational state to reformer John Swett and New England migrants, this article situates the creation of common schools in California within the larger context of American state‐building in the nineteenth‐century West. While increased state authority over education was a goal for reformers across the nation, this article contends that California's early innovations in centralization reflected a regionally specific response to the dilemmas of governing a recently acquired territory distant from eastern centers of power. The precarious nature of elite attempts to convert California into an American place, reflected in perceived lawlessness, weak governmental authority, and racial anxiety, inspired forms of educational organization commonly associated with Progressive Era responses to industrialization, urbanization, and immigration. The desire to promote nineteenth‐century American racial and governmental order in California, this article concludes, powerfully shaped the growth of public education in the state, influencing the organization of schooling in ways that suggest the importance of looking beyond the Northeast to understand the development of public education in the United States.     

Academic freedom in germany before and after 1933

A Nation at Risk (NAR; National Commission on Excellence in Education, 1983) had a tremendous impact on what schools do and has since spawned other reforms that attest to the report's ongoing influence. Coming in the wake of a decade of economic stagnation and import pressures from overseas producers, the authors of NAR blamed these problems on schools. In this article, we show that there was little justification for this conclusion, then or now. Although education clearly plays a role in the economy, it is only one of many factors. We find little evidence that there is a large or growing mismatch between worker skills and employer demands. Moreover, the American work force and economy continue to be among the most productive in the world. We should improve our schools and our economy, but real improvement will only occur when their problems are correctly diagnosed.     

美国“学校大辩论”的学术研究路径回顾

"学校大辩论"是对20世纪80年代以来,特别是1983年《国家处于危机之中:教育改革势在必行》发表以来,由美国的一些"教育政治家"以著书立说的形式展开的一场关于公共教育改革的论战。对"学校大辩论"的研究几乎是和"学校大辩论"同时展开的,囊括了史学保守派、史学激进派、重建主义教育学派和批判教育学派四大流派,形成了阐释性与批判性两条研究路径。     

Every school a school of choice: school choice in Ireland as viewed through American eyes

‘Choice’ and ‘freedom’ as measured by the ability of parents to select their children's schools are deeply embedded in the national ethos of the United States of America. Wealthy American parents have always exercised school choice but minority and lowincome students are often trapped in failing schools. This paper is based on research conducted in a purposive sample of Irish primary schools into the nature of school choice. The authors examine five aspects of the Irish national primary school system that could provide models for American educators, whose vision often stops at the boundaries of the United States: education law, school choice for all, a national curriculum framework, the role of assessment, and the role of parents and educators in the creation of new schools. While arguably the five relate directly to school choice of different degrees, they collectively weave a web whereby school systems in the Republic of Ireland and the USA may productively be compared to the benefit of both.     

北美殖民地时期的宗教与教育

北美殖民地时期教育的发展受到宗教的巨大影响，各类学校、学院最初都是出于宗教动机而兴办的。这为日后美国教育尤其是高等教育的发展奠定了基础。北美时期教育的各个方面，尤其是高等教育的发展都带有鲜明的宗教色彩。18世纪以后，宗教对教育的影响逐渐减弱。     

Building a space to dream: Supporting indigenous children's survivance through community-engaged social and emotional learning

Indigenous communities practice survivance and challenge social and political systems to support their children's identity and well-being. Grounded in transformative social-emotional learning (SEL) and tribal critical race theory, this 3-year community-based participatory research study (2019–2021) examined how a SEL program co-created with an Indigenous community in Flathead Nation in Montana supports anti-racism and anti-colonialism among Indigenous children. Critical reflexivity and thematic analyses of Community Advisory Board meetings and journals written by 60 students (M_age = 10.3, SD = 1.45; 47% girls; 60% Native American) during the SEL program revealed themes on Indigenous identity, belonging, wellness, and colonialism. These results shed light on challenging the racist and colonial roots of education to support Indigenous children's survivance and social-emotional well-being.     

An early in-service intervention in Irish mid-nineteenth century elementary education

The political and social rationale for the establishment of a national system of education in nineteenth-century Ireland has been the focus of considerable attention by scholars. Less attention has, however, been paid to teacher quality and school effectiveness within that system. Various efforts were made over the course of the century to address the issues of teacher quality and school effectiveness. The paid monitor was introduced in the early 1840s to convent and ordinary national schools, with paid pupil–teacher programmes recognised in the larger convent and national schools during the same period. A more strategic effort was made to address the issue of teacher quality with the introduction of an in-service type intervention from the mid-1850s to provide a school-based programme for teachers and managers in effective school organisation. Examining this intervention is the purpose of this paper: what was its rationale and purpose, how was it planned and implemented; what was its impact and what is its historical legacy?     

In the Wake of A Nation at Risk: New American Schools' Private Sector School Reform Initiative

Since its publication in 1983, A Nation at Risk has caused several waves and ripples of educational reform. This article puts that report in the context of earlier responses to perceived education crises. One such important response was from the private sector: the New American Schools Development Corporation (NAS). NAS attempted to create, develop, and widely disseminate "break the mold" whole-school designs to improve student achievement in the nation's schools. Despite a history of mixed results, NAS was influential in changing federal policy to support the Comprehensive School Reform Demonstration program (CSRD). Now embedded in the No Child Left Behind legislation, CSRD has private and public sector support for the nation's continuing attempts to create effective schools. However, the effectiveness of comprehensive school reform at scale in the nation's highest poverty schools remains an open question.     

美国博物馆学校案例解析及运行特点初探

美国博物馆学校是馆校合作深入的产物,提高了对博物馆资源的利用效率,降低了社会的教育成本。它与普通学校教育相比有着自己的运行特点和优势,不仅是对学校和博物馆这两种文化机构资源的整合,更是这两种文化机构适应时代发展做出的反应。其对新的教学方式的探究和应用,一直走在当今美国教育改革的前沿。通过对美国明尼苏达州科技馆学校、纽约市博物馆学校和圣地亚哥儿童博物馆小学这三所比较有代表性的博物馆学校个案的解析,归纳总结出美国博物馆学校的运行特点：办学特色突出,充分利用博物馆的资源;结合正式教育和非正式教育的优势,以促进学生发展为目的;课程设置灵活,鼓励教学方式创新;管理架构开放,交流渠道顺畅。     

审视美国院校研究及其与我国高教研究之不同

追溯美国院校研究的起源、定义、研究内容与特征,可以发现它与我国高教研究是有区别的。我国的高教研究机构若要成为本校举足轻重的部门,需向美国学习．定位院校研究。只有紧密结合本校的实际情况开展富有价值的微观应用研究,宏观理论研究挂靠在政府教育部门,才符合政府宏观指导和调控高等教育、高校拥有充分办学自主权的教育规律。     

The historiography of British Imperial education policy,Part II: Africa and the rest of the colonial empire

Part II of this historiographical study examines British education policy in Africa, and in the many crown colonies, protectorates, and mandated territories around the globe. Up until 1920, the British government took far less interest than in India, in the development of schooling in Africa and the rest of the colonial empire, and education was generally left to local initiative and voluntary effort. British interest in the control of education policy in Africa and elsewhere lasted only from the 1920s to the 1950s, as territories assumed responsibility for their own internal affairs as a prelude to independence. Nevertheless, critics were not slow to attack British direction of colonial education in the 1930s and thereafter.In retrospect it is clear that colonial education policy was fraught with much confusion of purpose and lack of resources, apathy and hostility. The literature has ranged from close scholarly studies of education policy in individual countries to passionate and more theoretically based critiques of colonial schooling. But as immediate passions surrounding demise of the Empire have receded, alternative analyses have begun to emerge.     

美国社区学院的教育职能及其对中国独立学院的启示

美国社区学院的发展已有上百年的历史,其综合的转学教育职能、职业教育职能和社区教育职能给我国独立学院的办学模式树立了成功的榜样.借鉴美国社区学院办学的成功经验,明确自己的教学目标,构建自己的本位特色,优化教学方式,共享优质资源,有利于我国独立学院走出一条适合国情的良性发展之路.     

“大家好才是真好”学校共同体教育扶贫实践模式探索

教育扶贫不是单向输出的过程,是为了自我和自我所处的命运共同体的系统性的认知和行动。石家庄外国语教育集团创造了“大家好才是真好”学校共同体教育扶贫新模式,这种模式将山区学校的发展目标与自身发展目标融为一体,将学校发展融入区域教育均衡发展以及国家脱贫攻坚的历史进程之中,以提升被帮扶学校校长、教师、学生的主体能力和内生动力为切入点,是一种城市优质学校与山区学校“共建共享共赢”的发展新机制。