浅谈专利分类、行业分类与商品分类的统一模型

提出一种专利分类、行业分类与商品分类的统一模型,便于专利数据与行业经济数据、商品分类数据的关联研究。该统一模型的关键在于多种分类体系之间的映射方法。首先,映射方法将复杂的任务拆分为简单任务的组合。其次,利用了名称、说明、生产商、分类号等多种分类数据。最后,改进了一种投票算法以处理数据映射歧义。该统一模型使得经济活动数据的大数据处理更加容易,使得在三种视角下的综合分析成为可能。     

浅谈CPC分类体系中的功能分类与应用分类

本文结合一个案例的分类过程,分析了CPC分类体系对功能分类位置和应用分类位置的处理原则,得出CPC分类体系中更倾向于应用位置优先原则,CPC通过对应用位置的细分以及在功能分类中给出应用位置的细分等途径,使CPC分类更利于检索。     

开放系统的分类

在现代系统科学中,对于系统的分类是不完全一致的。耗散结构论的创始人普里高津把系统分为三类:一是与外界既没有物质交换,又没有能量交换的孤立系统;二是与外界有能量交换(但没有物质交换)的封闭系统;三是与外界既有物质交换,又有能量交换的开放系统。     

偶然性的分类

偶然性是在事物运动、变化过程中具有不确定可能性价值的现实性属性。偶然性分为四组八类：自然界的偶然性和社会历史领域的偶然性,同向偶然性和异向偶然性,主体的偶然性和客体的偶然性,物理事件的偶然性与心理事件的偶然性。     

培养分类讨论的意识 应用分类讨论的思想

本文通过一些具体实例,阐述如何培养学生分类讨论的意识,并且进一步培养学生应用分类讨论思想,分析和解决实际问题的能力。     

苦竹亚族的修订

This paper deals with the taxa of tribe Arundinarieae Steud. subtribe Pleiobalastinae Keng and Keng f. which comprised three genera (Pseudosasa Makino, Pleioblastus Nakai and Brachystachyum Keng) when it was established in 1957. With the analysis of morphological characters and geographical distribution, a number of revisions connected with the taxon are made as follows:      (1)  Genus Brachystachyum Keng is transferred to the tribe Shibataeeae Nakai ac- cording to its false inflorescence.      (2)  Genus Pseudosasa Makino is transferred to subtribe Sasinae Keng f. according to our study on the numerical taxonomic method.      (3)  Some species of Pleioblastus Nakai established by Keng and Keng f. should be revised. Pleioblastus actinotrichus (Merr. and Chun) Keng f. should be Ampelocalamus actinotrichus (Merr. and Chun) S. L. Chen, T. H. Wen and G. Y. Sheng in subtribe Tham- nocalaminae Keng f.; Pleioblastus dolichanthus (Keng) Keng f. is the synonym of Sinobam- busa tootsik (Sieb.) Makino, belonging to tribe Shibataeeae Nakai. The rest species remain in this genus. Since the genus Pleioblastus is related to genus Arundinaria Michaux., subtribe Pleioblastus Keng and Keng f. does not seem to have a reason to be retained as a subtribe in tribe Arundinarieae Steud., according to the newest Code (1978). A part of it should be a synonym of subtribe Arundinariinae and we may cite it as follows: Subtribe Arundinariinae——Subtribe Pleioblastinae Keng and Keng f. pro parte, syn. nov. The other parts of it should be transferred to other subtribes or tribes.       In addition, one new variety in Branchystachyum, two new species, one new variety in Pseudosasa and six new species, three new varieties in Pleioblastus, are described in this paper.     

国产苦荬菜类群的分类

 本文采用狭义概念，将苦荬菜类群(Ixeris group)处理为4个属，即苦荬菜属Ixeris Cass．沙苦荬属Chorisis DC．小苦荬属Ixeridium(A．Gray)Tzvel．及黄瓜菜属Paraixeris Nakai并提供了分属、种检索表。文中记载了3个新种及7个新组合种。     

倭竹属的分类研究

Shibataea Makino is a genus of Subfam. Bambusoideae, with 8 species, distributed in Southeast China and Southwest Japan.  In China wild plants of the genus are found in Fujian, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Jiangsu and Anhui provinces, especially in Fujian and Zhejiang. The genus is also cultivated in parks of Guangzhou, Teibei and some other gardens.      Raches of inflorescences in genera Semiarundinaria, Brachystachyum, Phyllostachys and Shibataea have many branches, even secondary branches.  A large bract is often present at the base of each branch, and a prophyll in the axil of the bract in Tribe Shibataeeae Nakai.  Mo- reover, an inflorescence is composed of numerous dense spikelets.  This type of inflorescence may be considered primitive.   The genera Indosasa and Sinobambusa are of more stamens (6 in the former and 3 or 4, 5 in the latter) than in the genera Semiarundinaria and Brachysta- chyum (only 3), and their inflorescences are very simple with fewer spikelets and raches,without the large bract.  This type of inflorescence may be considered more advanced.     

中国齿鳞草属和假野菰属的订正

The present paper deals with taxonomic studies on the genera Lathraea Linn. and Christisonia Gard. (Orobanchaceae) in China.  In the genus Lathraea, only a single species in China, L. japonica Miq., is recongnized in the paper. It occurs in sou- thern Shaanxi, southern Gansu, southeastern Sichuan, northern Guizhou and northern   Guangdong, also in Japan. L. miqueliana Franch. et Sav., L. chinfushanica Hu et Tang and L. japonica Miq. var. miqueliana (Franch. et Sav.) Ohwi are treated as new synon- yms of L. japonica Miq. in this paper.       In the genus Christisonia, the most of collections from China, which were identi- fied as C. sinensis G. Beck before, are treated as a new synonym of C. hookeri C. B. Clarke.  A few collections of this genus from China, which were mistakenly described as Gleadovia lepoense Hu snd G. kwangtungense Hu, should be transferred to Christi- sonia hookeri C. B. Clarke.  It is distributed in southeastern and south China, westwards to the Himalayas.     

忍冬科的数值分类初试

 A numerical taxonomic study of Caprifoliaceae is presented. For the sake of ana- lyzing the resemblances between the 33 species or OUT’s selected at random from the total 13 genera of the family, a summation of 32 characters was employed in the numeri- cal analyses.  Raw data for each character were given equal weighting by condensa- tion in order to have adequate comparisons, and the characters were converted to 51 states, each with a new range of zero to one. Owing to the lack of sufficient data from other lines for numerical analyses, the characters used in this study were largely mor- phological.  The estimation of the coefficient resemblance between each pair or OUT’s was established using the association coefficient method.  The resulting values com- prise the 33×33 OUT’s basic similarity matrix.  The clustering technique used was unweighted pair-group method using arithmetic averages (UPGMA).      It can be stated that the scheme of phenetic relationships shown in the resultant dendrogram (Fig. 1) is on the whole in accord with the concepts hold by most current taxonomists, but with some noteworthy exceptions.  If the phenon line of tribal de- markation is drawn at the level of 0.6820, the OUT’s could be roughly divided into five groups or tribes.  The fact that the highest degree of correlation between Group I Sambuceae and Group II Viburneae on the one hand, and the great distance between them and the rest genera of the family on the other hand agrees well with the data obtained from morphological (Troll and Weberling,  1966),  anatomical  (Wilkinson, 1949, Metcalfe and Chalk, 1950), embryological (Moissl, 1941), sereological (Hillebrand and Fairbrother, 1970), and phytochemical (Bohm and  Glennie,  1971)  researches. These two tribes are most probably members of different phylogenetic origin. Trioste- um and Symphoricarpos both show their affinities  with  Leycesteria  of  Group  V Lonicereae instead of Group III Linnaeea  or Group II Viburneae as suggested by some taxonomists, and thus supports the opinion of Troll and Weberling (1966), who suggested that these two genera are members of the tribe Lonicereae.  The location of the phylogenetically uncertain genus Heptacodium in the dendrogram shows its close morphological similarity to the tribe Linnaeeae.       Because of the relatively small number of characters considered in this work, and “taxonomic judgement” was used in selecting these characters which appeared to be most “basic” to the classification of genera in the family, as well as the limitation of numerical taxonomy in itself, the resultant scheme of tribal relationships presented in this paper is by no means phylogenetic, but one that provides an excellent checkon ordinary taxonomic procedures.     

应用数量分类探讨鹅观草属的归属问题

研究全世界鹅观草属只Roegneria C．Koch中绝大多数种类与其有关属(冰草属、披碱草 属、偃麦草属及赖草属)的外部形态、解剖、细胞等30个性状，应用相关系数抑或距离系数以及各种聚类方法组合所得出的树系图，均明确显示鹅观草属应归入披碱草属。     

亚洲大陆狗脊蕨属的分类研究

As construed here the genus. Woodwardia Sm. does not include Anchistea Presl and Lorinseria Presl of the east North America which  are considered  as  distinct genera nor Woodwardia harlandii Hook. and W. kempii Cop. of south china, which constitute a new genus Chieniopteris Ching (cf. Acta Phytotax. Sinica 9:37. 1964).      It has been proposed that genus Woodwardia Sm. is an old one, dating back perhaps from the early Tertiary in the Arctics, thence it spread to Europe, North America, and southward to East Asia with its present center of distribution in China, especially south of the Yangtze River.       The genus is now represented by 17 species in the Northern Hemisphere, of which ll are known in China and her neighbouring countries, with one species, W. unigem- mata (Makino) Nakai, ranging as far as the Himalayas, where from the previous re- cord of W. radieans Linn. Sm. of Europe proves to be a mistake for this species.       The genus is divided into two natural series: Radicantes Ching & Chiu and Egem- miferae Ching & Chiu, and the latter is further subdivied into 2 subseries: Orientales Ching & Chiu and Japonicae Ching & Chiu.       A key to the Chinese species has been provided.       In passing it may be pointed out that Woodwardia cochin-chinensis Ching (Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. 2: 7. 1931) is based upon Poilane nos. 2107 and 2275 without designating the type. According to the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature we herewith designate Poilanes no. 2275 the type of this species.       

毛蕊草属国产种之一新组合

In this brief paper a new combination Duthiea brachypodlium (P. Candargy) Keng & Keng f. is here published. Its basionym Triavenopsis brachypodium P. Candargy is found to be left unknown for more than sixty-five years since its publication in 1897-99. Other synonyms of the genus Duthiea and of this  speciesare also given in the present paper.