Temperament, emotion, and social interactive behavior in the strange situation: a component process analysis of attachment system functioning

This study examines the contributions of temperamentally and nontemperamentally based emotional reactions to the organization of social interactive behavior within the Strange Situation to better understand the emotional underpinnings of attachment system functioning. At 12 1/2 and 19 1/2 months, temperamental fear (assessed via maternal report) was related to independent per-episode dimensions of social interactive and distress behavior. Fear was moderately correlated with both distress and interactive dimensions at each age. Path-analytic models revealed that temperamental fear had direct effects on interactive behavior and also indirect effects mediated by preceding distress reactions. However, residualized measures of "context-specific" distress (with temperamental variance removed) were still highly consistent across Strange Situation episodes and also significantly predicted subsequent social interactive behavior; furthermore, stable distress reactions from 12 1/2 to 19 1/2 months significantly predicted concurrent stability in social interactive behavior. We discuss likely sources of "context-specific" emotional influences on Strange Situation behavior and also age-related differences in these findings.     

The influence of brief stimuli uncorrelated with reinforcement on choice between variable-ratio schedules

Experiment 1 investigated the behavior of rats trained to leverpress on a concurrent variable ratio (VR) 30 VR-30 schedule with a brief, 500-msec, light occurring at the midpoint of the ratio on one of the levers. Higher response rates were recorded on the lever associated with this stimulus, a finding that paralleled the effect produced by inserting primary reinforcement at the midpoint (i.e., by training on a concurrent VR-30 VR-15 schedule). Similar results were found in Experiment 2 using a concurrent VR-20 VR-20 schedule with a 2-sec visual stimulus presented midway through one of the components. In addition, a brief stimulus inserted midway through the VR-20 component of a concurrent VR-20 VR-10 schedule retarded the development of a difference in response rates between the components relative to a VR-20 VR-10 group lacking the signal. In Experiment 3, multiple VR VR schedules were used. Again, the response rate was higher in the component that had the added stimulus or, for a second group of subjects, on the component with the smaller response requirement. Probe-choice trials revealed a preference for the component that generated the higher rate in both groups. Presenting a stimulus partway through a ratio appears to reduce the effect on response rate and choice of a large ratio value.     

The effect of the financial aid package on the choice of a selective college

This paper examines the effects of financial aid on the decision to attend a selective liberal arts college using data obtained from applicants accepted to Occidental College in 1989. Patterned after a similar empirical investigation by Ehrenberg and Sherman for accepted freshmen at Cornell in 1981, logit probabilities of enrollment equations are estimated based on (1) observable characteristics of the individual students, (2) the net costs of attending Occidental and the various alternative colleges under consideration (including the financial aid packages offered) and (3) other characteristics of these alternative colleges. The results, like Ehrenberg and Sherman's, indicate that relative tuition and scholarships affect the probability of enrollment for financial aid applicants, but that loans and work study assistance have no statistically significant effect. Non-financial aid applicants — a group not investigated by Ehrenberg and Sherman — are much less sensitive to relative cost considerations.     

Deciphering the dynamics of segregation: The role of schools in the housing choice process

This paper examines the ways in which segregation in schools contributes to the perpetuation of residential segregation, and the ways in which metropolitan-wide school desegregation supports housing integration. An empirical analysis of real estate advertising practices in fourteen American cities is outlined, and supplemented by a discussion of the character of real estate agent advice to homeseekers. Conclusions are drawn about the differences in the housing choice process in communities with segregated as opposed to desegregated schools. Finally, implications for urban policy are presented.The research reported here was supported by the National Institute of Education, Grant HEW-NIE G-78-0125/1.     

Reward and learning in honeybees: analysis of an overshadowing effect

Previous experiments have shown that honeybees trained with colored targets baited with 5- versus 20-µl drops of sucrose solution fail to develop a preference for the 20-µl color when the location of the drop on each target is marked by a white dot (dot-color overshadowing) but that discrimination is not impaired by dots when the targets differ in odor rather than in color. In Experiments 1–3, dot-color overshadowing failed to appear with differences in concentration rather than amount of sucrose (50% vs. 20% or 0%), but it did appear in Experiments 4 and 5 with a difference in probability of reward (consistent vs. partial). Experiment 6 showed no dot-odor overshadowing with a difference in probability of reward. The results are not generally predictable from the Rescorla-Wagner principle of shared associative strength, but point instead (in conjunction with those of earlier experiments) to competition for visual attention.     

Prospective representation: The effects of varied mapping of sample stimuli to comparison stimuli and differential trial outcomes on pigeons’ working memory

The mapping of sample stimuli onto comparison stimuli and the nature of trial outcomes were factorially manipulated in a delayed matching-to-sample procedure. In the many-to-one condition (MTO), responding to a particular comparison was correct following several sample stimuli, whereas in the one-to-many condition (OTM), responding to several comparison stimuli was correct following a particular sample. Probabilities of reinforcement for correct responding to comparison stimuli were either differential (DO) or nondifferential (NDO). Four groups of pigeons were trained under four combinations of mapping and outcome conditions, MTO-DO, MTO-NDO, OTM-DO, and OTM-NDO. Testing at delay intervals of 1, 2, 4, and 8 sec revealed significant effects due to both the mapping variable and the differential outcomes variable. It was argued that the poorer performance obtained in the OTM condition was due to the differential prospective coding requirements placed on reference and working memory by this mapping. In the OTM conditions, a greater number of response codes had to be retrieved from reference memory and multiple response codes may have overburdened working memory, which has a limited capacity.     

新形势下我国农村职业教育发展的路径选择

当前,我国农村正面临着结构调整和工业化、城市化的严峻挑战,急需大批量高素质的农业生产、经营和开发人员.但从农村职业教育的发展状况来看,无论是发展规模还是办学质量,都不能很好地满足农村经济和社会发展的需要,而农村职业教育发展的滞后不仅影响着我国教育改革的进程,而且制约着我国小康社会目标的实现.在新形势下,如何选择一条既符合中国国情又符合职业教育发展规律的有效途径,是当前我国农村教育工作的重要任务之一.     

我国幼儿园环境教育的现状及对策研究

环境教育应从娃娃抓起,与国外比较,我国幼儿园环境教育起步较晚,幼儿教师的环境素质及环境教育水平较为低下。本文借鉴国外先进的幼儿园环境教育经验,就提升幼儿教师的环境素质和环境教育能力、加大幼儿园环境教育课程资源的开发等方面提出了对策。     

The effect of redundant contextual stimuli on autoshaping the pigeon’s keypeck

Three experiments investigated the effect of contextual and trial stimulus lighting conditions on keypeck autoshaping in pigeons. White illumination of a response key before food presentation readily produced keypecking in a brightly lit chamber but failed to do so in a chamber without house illumination (Experiments I and III). Keypecking in a darkened cubicle progressively increased and the facilitatory effect of a houselight decreased as the keylight stimulus was varied from a color change (Experiment II) to a feature change (Experiment III). These findings support a “cue localization” hypothesis of autoshaping. according to which reinforcement signals select specific behaviors for expression and direct these behaviors toward the source of stimulation. This account was extended to superstitious and operant conditioning situations.     

The effect of images on item statistics in multiple choice anatomy examinations

Although multiple choice examinations are often used to test anatomical knowledge, these often forgo the use of images in favor of text‐based questions and answers. Because anatomy is reliant on visual resources, examinations using images should be used when appropriate. This study was a retrospective analysis of examination items that were text based compared to the same questions when a reference image was included with the question stem. Item difficulty and discrimination were analyzed for 15 multiple choice items given across two different examinations in two sections of an undergraduate anatomy course. Results showed that there were some differences item difficulty but these were not consistent to either text items or items with reference images. Differences in difficulty were mainly attributable to one group of students performing better overall on the examinations. There were no significant differences for item discrimination for any of the analyzed items. This implies that reference images do not significantly alter the item statistics, however this does not indicate if these images were helpful to the students when answering the questions. Care should be taken by question writers to analyze item statistics when making changes to multiple choice questions, including ones that are included for the perceived benefit of the students. Anat Sci Educ 10: 68–78. © 2016 American Association of Anatomists.     

论情景教学中情景的创设

随着新课改的不断深入,诸多新的教学理念已经越来越多地转化为实际行动体现在课堂教学中,情景教学也逐渐成为一个大家讨论比较多的热点话题。在此,笔者从情景教学的定义,情景教学的心理学基础,以及如何在教学实践中灵活运用情景教学出发,来深入研讨情景教学在实践层面上的一些具体问题。以期对一线的教育工作者提供一定的参考。     

论梁山英雄对女性之态度及其艰难处境

<水浒传>中很少写女性,即使写了几个女性,要么丑陋彪悍,使她们男性化,要么风流淫荡,让她们成为好汉们的刀下鬼,但不能据此认为梁山英雄仇视女性.透过对<水浒>人物武松、石秀的心理分析,可以看出英雄并非无情种,是梁山泊的那种非人生活环境使人无法得到人类正常的情爱,而男女情爱对于维系一个社会或集团具有非常重要的作用,由此也就向人们提出了一个梁山向何处去的严峻问题.     

城镇化过程中农民养老保障政策选择

随着我国城镇化进程的加快,城镇化进程中产生的特殊群体(失地农民)备受关注,尤其是失地农民的养老保障问题受到社会各界的关注。为了研究城镇化过程中农民养老保障政策选择问题,首先将以实地为例分析城镇化过程中农民的养老保障具体状况;之后分析我国现有的几个针对于失地农民的养老保障模式,更加全面的进行比较分析后探索出城镇化过程中农民养老保障的政策建议。     

阅读信念在阅读理解过程中的作用

阅读理解过程中,阅读信念的作用不容忽视的。本文介绍了三种相关的阅读信念：阅读的自我效能感;作者信息的可靠性;阅读理解过程的信念-理解文意,追索作者原义,强化自己的见解。这三种信念以及尚未被人认知的信念交织成一个信念系统,共同参与读者的阅读理解过程,影响着其阅读理解的效果。     

应激对动物行为和学习记忆能力的影响

本文阐述了应激对动物行为和学习记忆能力的影响.实验表明,急性应激期动物行为活动增多,而慢性应激期则行为活动减少;适宜的应激能改善人和动物的学习记忆,而过强的应激却使学习记忆能力低下.证实了应激对脑功能的影响具有双重性.     

高职院校形势与政策课教育教学改革的路径选择分析

在当前我国高等教育当中,高等职业教育作为其中不可或缺的重要组成部分,肩负着为社会培养顺应发展的生产、建设、管理与服务等的高等技术应用人才的重要使命。本文通过对高职院校"形势与政策"课程教育教学当前所面临的一些问题进行阐述分析,为其改革路径的选择进行论述,望此文为相关教育教学工作者提供帮助、借鉴。     

The differential influence of instructional context on the academic engagement of students with behavior problems

The teacher–student interactions of 39 students exhibiting high externalizing behavior problems and 59 students exhibiting average behavioral adjustment from urban elementary schools were directly observed. Comparisons between these students within four different instructional contexts indicated that levels of student engagement were significantly related to both behavior and classroom context. Although teachers’ use of behavioral management strategies was minimal, it was significantly related to the type of instructional context in which it occurred. Findings are discussed in terms of how different instructional contexts place unique demands and offer distinct affordances for students with behavior problems. A more comprehensive understanding of the influence of these environmental contexts can allow teachers to scaffold task demands to bring them within the domains of the student's ability.     

Copulatory behavior of Syrian golden hamsters in a one-male two-female test situation

Eighteen male hamsters each completed two tests of copulatory behavior: one with one female present and one with two females. Males displayed only relatively small, quantitative alterations of their typical copulatory pattern in the two-female vs. the one-female situation. All males mated with both females. Shifts between females tended to occur at predictable times-particularly after ejaculations and those long intromissions that did not immediately precede ejaculations. When mating in the two-female situation, males sired more offspring than with one female. Females in the two-female situation received less copulatory stimulation than in the one-female situation, but there were no detectable deleterious effects of this reduced stimulation on reproduction. Should copulation occur between one male and two females in the natural habitat, it would appear to be of reproductive advantage to the male, with no detriment to the female.