中国联赛运动员相对年龄分布特征分析

为了检验我国足球、排球联赛中是否也同样存在“相对年龄”优势现象,从而推断我国联赛运动员选材机制是否适合“刻意训练”的概念和理论,采用文献研究法,收集了参加2002-2003赛季中国足球甲级联赛A组、B组共27支俱乐部,以及2002-2003赛季中国排球联赛男队、女队共25支俱乐部所有运动员的出生日期资料进行了统计分析。研究结果表明:参加我国足球、排球联赛的所有运动员都存在“相对年龄”优势现象。“相对年龄”优势现象对运动员选材产生了怎么的作用值得做进一步研究。     

全国青少年校园足球夏令营相对年龄效应实证及优化策略研究

运用文献资料法、数理统计法,探讨我国青少年校园足球夏令营参营球员相对年龄特征及相对年龄效应的成因。研究结果表明,我国校园足球夏令营初中组参营男女球员中都存在相对年龄效应,且在男子、女子初中乙组中更为严重。基于相对年龄理论及校园足球相关政策文献,认为校园足球夏令营中相对年龄效应产生的原因主要是选拔过程中所采取的“双年龄段分组”制度、认识不足以及对身体素质的重视程度高于技术能力。为减轻或消除相对年龄效应所带来的消极影响,提出：更新选材理念,改革选材指标体系;完善校园足球夏令营的分组入选机制;选拔过程呈现球员相对年龄信息等优化策略。     

铁人三项运动员的选材标准

为了检验我国足球、排球联赛中是否也同样存在“相对年龄”优势现象,从而推断我国联赛运动员选材机制是否适合“刻意训练”的概念和理论,采用文献研究法,收集了参加2002-2003赛季中国足球甲级联赛A组、B组共27支俱乐部,以及2002-2003赛季中国排球联赛男队、女队共25支俱乐部所有运动员的出生日期资料进行了统计分析。     

论我国足球文化的诚信缺失

对诚信、诚信缺失、文化、足球文化等定义本质上的剖析,结合我国职业足球中出现的“假球黑哨”、“青少年球员年龄造假”等诸多现象,得出中国足球文化中的诚信缺失;对中国足球中的诚信缺失原因进行分析并得出其造成的影响.     

国内外青少年儿童足球运动员选材异同研究

采用文献资料法对国内外选材采取的不同措施进行对比。研究发现相对年龄和选材指标体系均为国内外的研究重点,但具体解决措施各不相同,国外以提倡快乐足球,淡化比赛成绩为主,国内以完善青少年儿童足球训练和比赛入选体制及引进相对年龄参数变量为主,研究旨在加强我国青少年儿童足球运动员选材的科学性和准确性,提高选材的成功率。     

诠释“一家人”

日前,在青岛召开的全国足球工作会议上,国家体育总局副局长、中国足协主席袁伟民在发言中强调足球界和舆论界之间是一种唇齿相依的关系．要强化“一家人”的意识。在1998年中国足球各种矛盾集中爆发、足球传媒对中国足协进行“万炮齐轰”的情况下,袁伟民的这番话显然是意味深长。如何理解“一家人”的含义并处理好与足球界的关系无疑是足球传媒必须研究和掌握的一个课题。舆论界与足球界成为“一家人”的条件与阻滞应该说,与舆论界特指足球传媒有所不同,足球界是一个相对广泛的概念。它既包括足球行政管理部门足协,也包括足球从业人员…     

阿迪达斯致力造就中国未来足球明星

由中国足球协会邀请,阿迪达斯公司安排组织的“阿迪达斯-科化青少年足球训练班’97中国行”1997年11月18日在秦皇岛中国足球学校拉开了序幕。这次为期三天的活动由世界著名的英国青少年足球教练阿尔弗雷德·加鲁斯迪安主持,向中国的足球教练介绍科化青少年足球训练方法,以培养中国未来的足球明星。 科化青少年足球训练课程受到了多位世界著名足球运动员和教练员的推崇,德国足球皇帝贝肯鲍尔指出:“科化昆最佳的足球训练方法”。12岁之前,是青少年球员学习足球基本技能的关键年龄,而科化训练班正是为这一年龄的球员设计的。     

相对年龄对我国优秀青少年男子足球运动员选材影响的实证研究

以2005年在中国足协注册的8283名男子足球运动员为研究对象,发现在我国优秀青少年男子足球运动员选材评价系统中存在相对年龄的影响,并对其产生的机制进行解释,进而制定相关的对策进行调控。     

少儿“五人制”足球赛

<正> 我国足球运动水平低下,其中一个主要原因就是足球运动开展不普及。我们中小学体育场地奇缺,据调查学生入学率升高,体育场地却逐渐在缩小,有三分之二以上的地区因受规划和中小学足球赛事太少的限制,影响了足球运动的发展。改变体育场地条件相当困难,因而因地制宜、因条件制宜开展足球运动,提高足球技术是改变我国足球现状的当务之急。我们县足球协会带着这个问题,借鉴室内足球赛对足球赛制改革进行了探索,在不同年龄的中小学生中进行了三十多场次的校际竞赛、试点,探讨了“五人制”足球赛制,拟定了“五人制”足球竞赛规则裁判法,收到良好效果。一、“五人制”足球赛的特点 (一)“五人制”足球赛需用场地     

阿迪达斯科化训练班──中国足球明星的摇蓝

由中国足球协会邀请,阿迪达斯公司组织的第三届“阿迪达斯──科化训练班”,9月13日在秦皇岛中国足球学校圆满结束。科化足球训练班课程是由荷兰著名教练科化于70年代首创的。该课程强调经过全面的训练,提高整个球队的技术、战术水平科化青少年足球训练班课程受到了众多世界著名球星的推崇。德国“足球皇帝”贝肯鲍尔指出：“科化是最佳的足球训练方法。”12岁之前是青少年球员学习足球基本技能的关键年龄,而科化训练班正是为这一年龄的球员设计的。中国足协官员指出：“中国足协很高兴与阿迪达斯长期合作,将科化青少年足球训练课程介…     

我国新升本科院校体育教师的职业危机成因调查与分析

采用问卷调查、访问座谈、文献资料和数理统计等方法,对新升本科院校体育教师的状况进行调查与分析,结果表明：专科院校升本后体育教师正面临着前所未有的职业危机,且不同年龄层次的体育教师所感受的职业危机因素有所不同.职称结构和学历层次低,科研能力不足是造成体育教师职业危机的最主要因素.     

Muscular strength and endurance as a function of age and activity level.

Muscular strength, endurance, and rate of fatigue were studied in populations of various ages actively engaged in strength and endurance training, as compared with those not engaged in such activities. The strength and fatigability of the elbow flexor muscles were studied for 62 subjects at the ages of 20 (n = 11 active, 10 inactive), 35 (n = 11 active, 10 inactive), and 50 (n = 10 active, 10 inactive) years, tested within 2 years of the appropriate age. They performed a 6-min bout of maximal rhythmic contractions of the dominant arm at a rate of 30 contractions per min. Force applied to the transducer was converted into electrical activity and transmitted to a recorder, where differences in mean values for initial strength, final strength, absolute endurance, and relative endurance were examined for significance. Rates of fatigue and the fatigue curves were also obtained for each group. Results revealed significantly less muscular strength, absolute endurance, and relative endurance as the age of the subjects increased, but no significant difference for age was found in final strength at the conclusion of the exercise bout. Significant differences were found between active and inactive subjects in initial strength, final strength, and absolute endurance in favor of the active subjects. No significant interaction between activity level and age was found for any of the dependent variables. The rates of fatigue were similar for all ages except for the inactive 20-year-old subjects, whose rate of fatigue was markedly slower than that found for all other groups of subjects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Stabilometer Performance of Educable Mentally Retarded and Normal Children

Abstract

Five trials on the stabilometer were administered to 274 EMR children ages 6 to 13 years and 151 normal children ages 6 to 9 years. Older EMR boys and girls had slightly more board movement than younger EMR children whereas there was a tendency for board movement to decrease with age for the normal children. There were no appreciable sex differences between the EMR and the normal age groupings with the exception that board movement of the young EMR boys was significantly less than that of the young and old EMR girls. Normal children had significantly less board movements than EMR children at all age levels. There was some decrease in relative intra-individual variability with increasing age for both EMR and normal children but normal children were more efficient in early learning than EMR children.     

浙江省少年田径运动员身体形态指标的比较研究

采用测量、数理统计、比较等方法,探讨少年田径运动员身体重心高度、身高、下肢长A等指标在不同生物年龄段的变化特征及各指标间的内在关系。结果表明,少年田径运动员身体重心相对高度与下肢长A/身高×100%指数基本上是随着生物年龄的增长而下降,身体重心绝对高度、身高、下肢长A年增长值总体的变化趋势较为一致;少年男、女田径运动员身体重心绝对高度与身高、下肢长A之间为高度相关,身体重心相对高度与下肢长A之间为不相关。     

Motor Performance of Girls Age 6 to 14 Years

Group achievement scores for elementary school girls for the 30-yard run, the standing broad jump and the overarm throw are presented to add to the limited information now available on children in the first three grades (ages 6 through 9 years). Means and standard deviations are reported for grades 1 through 8 and for ages 6 through 14 years. Reliabilities of within-day scores are reported. Correlations of year-to-year scores and of first-grade scores with those of grades 3 through 5 show that individuals tend to remain in the same relative position within the group during the elementary school years. This paper adds to present knowledge of motor performance of elementary school children by reporting observations derived from achievement scores of girls during a five-year period.     

Growth and body composition in Brazilian female rhythmic gymnastics athletes

Abstract

The aim was to analyse the physical growth and body composition of rhythmic gymnastics athletes relative to their level of somatic maturation. This was a cross-sectional study of 136 athletes on 23 teams from Brazil. Mass, standing height and sitting height were measured. Fat-free and fat masses, body fat percentages and ages of the predicted peak height velocity (PHV) were calculated. The z scores for mass were negative during all ages according to both WHO and Brazilian references, and that for standing height were also negative for all ages according to WHO reference but only until 12 years old according to Brazilian reference. The mean age of the predicted PHV was 12.1 years. The mean mass, standing and sitting heights, body fat percentage, fat-free mass and fat mass increased significantly until 4 to 5 years after the age of the PHV. Menarche was reached in only 26% of these athletes and mean age was 13.2 years. The mass was below the national reference standards, and the standing height was below only for the international reference, but they also had late recovery of mass and standing height during puberty. In conclusion, these athletes had a potential to gain mass and standing height several years after PHV, indicating late maturation.     

Age-ordered shirt numbering reduces the selection bias associated with the relative age effect

When placed into age groups for junior sporting competition, the relative differences in age between children leads to a bias in who is evaluated as being talented. While the impact of this relative age effect (RAE) is clear, until now there has been no evidence to show how to reduce it. The aim of this study was to determine whether the selection bias associated with the RAE could be reduced. Talent scouts from an elite football club watched junior games and ranked players on the basis of their potential. Scouts were allocated to one of three groups provided with contrasting information about the age of the players: (1) no age information, (2) players’ birthdates or (3) knowledge that the numbers on the playing shirts corresponded to the relative age of the players. Results revealed a significant selection bias for the scouts in the no-age information group, and that bias remained when scouts knew the players’ dates-of-birth. Strikingly though, the selection bias was eliminated when scouts watched the games knowing the shirt numbers corresponded to the relative ages of the players. The selection bias associated with the RAE can be reduced if information about age is presented appropriately.     

关于我国和世界优秀田径运动员竞技年龄的对比研究

通过对国内优秀田径运动员６６５人和世界优秀田径运动员９２２人资料的研究,获得了运动员在整个竞技生涯中运动成绩变化过程的年龄规律,分析了运动员在各竞训阶段、各专项和性别上的成绩与年龄特点,揭示出国内优秀田径运动员的竞技年龄特征表现为成才旬,出现最高成绩早、退役早的“一晚两早”现象,世界优秀田径运动员表现为成才早,出现最高成绩晚、退役晚的“一早两晚”现象,为运动队制定和执行长期系统的训练计划提供理论参     

Sit-to-stand performance of older adults following strength training

A group of healthy older adults completed an 8-week resistance-training program. For 38 participants (14 men, 24 women; ages 60-90 years; M mass = 73.2 kg, SD = 12.3; M height = 1.65 m, SD = 0.08), pre- and postprogram sit-to-stand performance was analyzed (60 Hz video) focusing on center of mass kinematics surrounding transition. Significant changes were attributed to improved strength. Peak forward, downward, and upward velocities increased (16, 59, and 26%, respectively), and relative transition time was delayed 27%. These behaviors were more similar to those of healthy younger adults. Results also indicated strategy changes. Participants exploited their improved strength, forming a distinctive movement pattern emphasizing stability followed by a brisk rise. These adaptations represent meaningfully improved function in an important daily living activity.     

Yearly Changes in the Body Composition and Muscular Strength of High School Wrestlers

Abstract

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the yearly changes in body composition as well as absolute and relative isokinetic forearm flexion and extension strength of high school wrestlers. Evaluations of body composition (underwater weighing) were performed on 27 high school wrestlers prior to three consecutive seasons. In addition, isokinetic forearm flexion and extension strength values at 180°/s (Cybex II) were available for 20 of the subjects. The mean ages at the times of laboratory testing were 15.5 (± .5), 16.5 (± .5), and 17.5 (± .5) years. Repeated measures ANOVA or ANCOVA with Tukey post-hoc comparisons were used to locate significant (p<.05) differences across age for height, body weight, relative fat, body density, fat weight, fat-free weight, absolute muscular strength, and muscular strength covaried for body weight and fat-free weight. There were yearly increases in all variables except fat weight, forearm flexion covaried for fat-free weight and forearm extension covaried for fat-free weight. The results of this study indicated that the improved wrestling performance and the increase in weight classification which normally occurs during high school are, in part, a function of yearly changes in body composition and muscular strength.