中美国家助学贷款制度比较研究

始于1999年的中国国家助学贷款,目前正面临着前所未有的考验,中国国家助学贷款将何去何从?这是摆在我国政府面前的一项艰巨任务。而美国的国家助学贷款经过长期的发展日臻成熟,取得了政府、银行和学生的“三赢”。通过中美国家助学贷款制度的相互比较,吸取美国在此方面比较成熟的经验,结合中国的实际,制定出“三赢”的中国国家助学贷款制度     

实施高等教育收费必须不断完善助学贷款制度

我国高校经费来源多元化的格局已经形成,学费已成为政府拨款之外学校经费的主要来源。本从高等教育的成本及收益方面论述了高等教育必须收费的理论依据,认为我国高等教育收费是有据可依的,但关键在于要加大对贫困生的资助力度,特别是助学贷款。只有不断完善和创新助学贷款制度,才能确保高校收费政策的顺利实施。     

Bridging the gap: supporting student transitions into higher education

This research focused on the early experience of students entering an undergraduate course in a post‐1992 university that is committed to widening participation. Using Bourdieu’s concept of cultural capital and habitus as a theoretical framework, data were collected from students using an online questionnaire and small‐group discussions during the critical first days and weeks when they need to fit in to their new environment. The research was designed to consider whether there is a ‘new student’ in higher education (HE) and to consider the possible influence of cultural capital and habitus on a student’s transition. Data were collected using an online questionnaire with a response rate of 52% (n=180), and this was followed up with five small‐group discussions with 25 of the respondents. Participants self‐selected to take part in the small‐group discussions but the sample did reflect the cohort in relation to ethnicity, age and gender. The data collected from the questionnaire provided a snapshot of the students’ early experience within the university, and data from the small‐group discussions were used to triangulate this and allow emerging themes to be explored in greater depth. The results showed that the majority of the students (70%) were combining work with study and most students spent a minimal amount of time on campus, perhaps supporting the concept that there is a ‘new student’ in HE. Perceptions about their transition varied, but most of the students expressed concern about the perceived need to be an independent learner. Students stated that they needed more structured activities on campus to encourage them to fit in, and more support from academic staff, with clear instructions about what was expected.     

香港地区学生贷款:贷款机构的视角

根据政府对资本市场干预程度的不同 ,香港地区形成了三类教育贷款 ,即政府补贴性贷款、成本回收型教育贷款和盈利性教育贷款。这三类教育贷款在满足不同群体的教育需求上是互补的。香港入息教育款的成本回收率达 71 .4% ,这表明香港的教育贷款已形成了一个良好的资金发放与回收体系 ,1 %的贷款拖欠率亦表明香港已具备了完备的个人信用制度与金融网络体系     

Predicting national direct student loan defaults: The role of personality data

The purpose of this study was to determine if National Direct Student Loan defaulters could be differentiated from payers by using information available at the time the loan is made. Data from 686 repayers and 192 nonpayers were analyzed. It was found that a combination of five student characteristics was all that was needed to accurately predict which students would not repay their loans. The combination of factors which proved to have predictive value in order of importance were: grade point average at the time of the loan, ACT composite score, OPI complexity scale, the OPI anxiety level scale, and the size of the loan. The most striking outcome was that personality measures have strong predictive value in identifying future defaulters. Further validation of these findings is underway.     

A preliminary investigation and analysis of student learning style preferences in further and higher education

In the current further education (FE) and higher education (HE) environment, students are under increasing pressure to perform well and achieve good results. As educators we must strive to enable students to make the most of their higher education by providing an education of the highest quality and enhance the learning experience. This study was undertaken as a preliminary investigation of how students learn and how we, as educators, can improve their learning. In this study, a range of students on different (FE and HE) courses completed the VARK (visual, audio, read/write, kinaesthetic) questionnaire on learning style preferences at the beginning of the semester. Responses were analysed and the author adapted various teaching techniques into course materials for the semester to accommodate the results obtained in the initial VARK survey. Students' responses were encouraging, with many being keen to participate with a view to improving their course performance. The author found that using a range of teaching techniques encouraged student participation in the course and, for some, enhanced their performance in assessment. This investigation provides an insight into the awareness of learning style preferences and how such awareness can be positively exploited in teaching and learning processes.     

A financial perspective: categories of higher education institutions

From a financial perspective, the criteria for category distinction of higher education institutions should be based on the ownership of institution property and income for recurrent expenditure. The development of modern higher education witnessed the period wherein higher education institutions have both private property and private payment for recurrent expenditure. The development also saw the period wherein all the institution properties were owned by the state and all the recurrent expenditure were paid by the government. Accordingly, universities could be divided into two categories of “public” and “private” institutions until the 1970s. However, things have been changing greatly over the past 20 years. Property ownership and payment for recurrent expenditure have been separated. The public institutions appeal to more and more individuals sharing recurrent expenditure, while private institutions ask for more and more public financial support. Therefore, some financially mixed institutions came into being and “three categories with sub-groups” has become a new phenomenon. __________ Translated from Peking University Education Review, 2004 (2)     

When China opens to the world: A study of transnational higher education in Zhejiang, China

The economic transition in China since the late 1970s has led to not only drastic social transformations but also rapid advancements in science and technology, as well as the revolution in information and communications technology. In order to enhance the global competence of the Chinese population in coping with the challenges of a knowledge-based economy, the higher education sector has been going through restructuring along the lines of marketization, privatization and decentralization. Responding to the the challenges of globalization, the Chinese government has opened up the education market by allowing overseas universities to offer programmes on the mainland. This article sets out in this wider policy context to examine the current developments of transnational higher education in China, with particular reference to how students in Zhejiang province enrolling in these overseas programmes, especially those offered by Australian providers, evaluate their learning experiences. This article will also discuss the major concerns raised by the respondents in our study regarding the newly emerging transnational higher education programmes, with particular reference to examining how far these new programmes would affect the regulatory framework in Chinese higher education.     

Assessing antecedents and consequences of student satisfaction in higher education: evidence from Malaysia

This paper explores the interrelationships of the key influences on student satisfaction via multivariate analysis from three groups of university students in two popular private universities in Malaysia. The correlation coefficient and structural model indicated that student satisfaction is influenced not only by academic quality, but also by the university core services, information technology services, and skill building. These dimensions are linked to one another. The strong interrelationships between these dimensions are indicative that holistic approach needs to be adopted rather than dealing with each dimension in isolation in creating a valued education. Significant performance gaps of key influences indicated that the satisfaction levels are below students’ expectation despite the satisfaction scores being above average. Academic assessment, teaching quality, and IT are areas where a university management needs to prioritize resources in order to increase student satisfaction. Students who perceived higher value are more likely to have higher repurchase intention.     

Refugees and online education: student perspectives on need and support in the context of (online) higher education

ABSTRACT

Online education and in particular Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) are often regarded as a way to solve global educational challenges. In this article, we highlight the students’ uptake of such a ‘digital solution’. Presenting initial findings from a research project in Germany, we situate our investigation in the specific context of digital educational offers for refugees, using Kiron Open Higher Education as an example. Kiron has designed an innovative academic model, with MOOCs at its core, to ease refugees’ access into higher education. Drawing from student data of 1375 Kiron students we look at students’ actual usage of the offer and the accompanying support services as well as the difficulties refugee students face while navigating online higher education. Results show, amongst others, rather low completion rates in the online courses and point to a much more nuanced picture of how students make use of the offer – putting online education as an easy, straightforward formula to the integration of disadvantaged students into question.     

我国助学贷款制度研究

自从我国高等教育收费以来,人们普遍对学费产生关注,尤其是家庭经济困难的学生,更是千方百计地筹集学费,助学贷款犹如“雪中之炭”,解决了部分困难家庭的燃眉之急,但是,我国的助学贷款仍不能满足社会的需求,应采取措施使我国的助学贷款制度进一步发挥作用。     

Mature student experiences in teacher education: widening participation in Greece and England

In the context of the growing number of mature students entering higher education in Europe, this study breaks new ground in comparing the personal and professional identities of mature student teachers in Greece and England. Using an analytical model of student success by Zepke and Leach (2008 Zepke, N. and Leach, L. Linking soft skills and student engagement in second chance education. Paper presented at the Comparative Education Society of Europe (CESE) annual conference. July7–10, Athens, Greece.  [Google Scholar]), the research sought to identify the factors affecting the progress and development of 30 mature student teachers (15 in each country). It was found that individual motivation and prior experience were assets in the development of the student teachers, while peer and family support were vital success factors. In the English context, the importance of institutional support from university and school-based tutors was also strong. Barriers included financial difficulties and domestic responsibilities, which had a particular impact on mature women students. Some recommendations to improve institutional support for mature student teachers are made in conclusion.     

中美两国高等教育学生规模的比较与思考

中美两国高等教育在校学生数、招生数和毕业生数这三个绝对指标方面,中国均远远高于美国;毛入学率和每十万人口在校大学生数两个相对指标方面,中国与美国还有不小的差距。但是,由于这两个相对指标的局限性和计算错误,导致了对两国间高等教育学生相对规模差距的高估。因此,在进行中外高等教育学生规模比较时,对毛入学率和每十万人口在校大学生数要合理使用和客观判断。     

浅谈我国高职教育改革

从我国高职教育的现状和定位出发,加大高职教育教学改革力度,不断改变传统办学模式,以科学发展观为指导,构建新的职业教育办学体系,探索和开创适合我国新形势下的高职教育的新对策、新出路。     

The role of the student in the higher education production function

Increasing concern with productivity and efficiency in service industries such as higher education has created interest in cost analysis techniques, implicit in which must be some notion of the production function, that is, the technology by which inputs are combined to produce outputs. In order to clarify the existing confusion in higher education between inputs and outputs, and to offer aid in understanding the complex issues of productivity and efficiency, this paper offers a paradigm of the student as an economic entity analogous to the profit-maximizing firm in microeconomic theory. The paper concludes by suggesting an extension of the model to include the faculty member as an individual economic agent.     

市场经济的发展与高等教育财政体制改革

随着我国从计划经济向社会主义市场经济转轨 ,计划经济条件下形成的高度集中的高等教育财政体制已不适应高等教育发展的需求。 2 0世纪 80年代初以来 ,我国高等教育财政体制在高等教育拔款体制、高等学校经费使用制度、经费分配方式等方面进行了一系列改革。这些改革反映了社会主义市场经济的发展客观上要求高等教育资源配置应符合透明性、公平性和效率性的三项基本原则。随着市场经济的进一步发展 ,高等教育财政体制的改革将会不断深化 ,不断完善     

高职院校推行国家助学贷款的现状及发展思路

国家助学贷款政策实施几年来，由于银行参加热情不高、部分院校不被重视、学校心存顾虑、社会信息失真等因素的影响，这项政策虽然在全国各地取得了不同程度的进展，但总体情况不尽如人意，贷款的地域发展不平衡，学生申贷成功的比例较低，贷款覆盖的院校结构不尽合理，特别是高职院校几乎还是空白，离政府、学生、高等学校等有关各方对这项工作的热切期望相差较远，解决的主要措施是加大政策扶持力度，完善银行存款实名制和全国统一信用体系的建设，加强学生诚信意识的培养，增加学生家长的连带责任，降低作为经营实体的银行在这项工作中的坏帐风险，增强银行信心和自觉参与意识，推动国家助学贷款工作在高职院校的实施。     

Stigma and student mental health in higher education

Stigma is a powerful force in preventing university students with mental health difficulties from gaining access to appropriate support. This paper reports on an exploratory study of university students with mental health difficulties that found most students did not disclose their mental health problems to staff at university. This was primarily due to fear of discrimination during their studies and in professional employment. Many students went to considerable efforts to hide their mental health condition and in doing so struggled to meet university requirements. Of the minority who did disclose, most received helpful assistance with both their studies and management of their mental health condition. The university was the main source of support services including counselling, disability, student union and housing. A range of measures are required to address the impact of stigma and mental health to empower students so that they can disclose in the confidence that they will be treated fairly.     

精英高等教育与大众高等教育:两个体系的解读

高等教育机构应该按功能分化,而不是趋同。精英高等教育与大众高等教育作为两个体系,既是概念层面的划分,也是操作层面的划分。绝大部分的高等教育机构应该有清晰的定位,或者属于精英高等教育,或者属于大众高等教育。有质的差别的教育应该在不同质的教育机构内完成。精英高等教育与大众高等教育的关系既是冲突的,又是和谐的。我们既要防止精英高等教育压抑大众高等教育,又要防止大众高等教育消解精英高等教育。