职业能力相关问题研究综述

"职业能力"理论逐渐受到社会各界的关注和认可,诸多专家学者有关"职业能力"的相关研究也取得了丰硕成果。文章统计并分析了关于职业能力研究成果的现状与特点、职业能力的概念与内涵、职业能力的结构、以及职业能力的形成与培养模式和评价体系等,希望以此为基础,为职业能力的相关研究提供依据。     

国外就业能力概念的发展历史及评析

当前,就业能力作为一个概念,已经无处不在,并被赋予相应的具体涵义,在诸多国家和地区的社会经济政策中得到体现。作为一种复杂的、经常变化的概念,就业能力概念的提出和完善有一个发展的过程,而这一过程也正是西方国家对劳动力市场政策的认识不断深入和完善的过程。结合国外劳动力市场政策的变迁,对就业能力的概念发展进行综述,讨论它作为一个探索性概念和政策分析框架的潜在价值,有利于识别界定就业能力概念的思路和方法,从而为制定不同情况下的劳动力市场政策提供依据。     

民族院校思想政治教育与大学生就业能力提升——以中央民族大学为例

本文探讨了就业能力的概念,结合工作实际从实务角度提出我国大学生就业能力是指毕业后两个月内毕业生获得工作的能力。按照曼茨.约克的观点,从专业素养、技能和品质、自我效能感三个方面对民族院校毕业生就业能力现状进行分析,提出发挥思想政治教育在大学生就业能力提升中的作用等三条途径。     

Hochschule und Arbeitsmarkt im Bologna-Prozess

In the Bologna process, “employability” has become an important objective of higher education, shaping the current discussion on the relationship between higher education and the labor market. The popularity of the term “employability”, however, seems to be negatively correlated with its precision. Therefore, the article first discusses the meaning of this concept and its usefulness for higher education. We come to the conclusion that employability is not an appropriate guiding principle for higher education reform. Key competencies are central to the concept of employability. However, the significance of key competencies is independent of the role they play in the concept of employability; they are also central to the necessarily flexible relationship between higher education and work. Therefore, this paper also addresses the question of whether the restructuring of the German higher education system was accompanied by curricular and didactic reforms, which facilitate the acquisition of key competencies. According to the results of the German Higher Education Information System HIS graduate survey 2005, the answer to this question is a cautious “yes”. In view of the limited empirical basis and the early date of the survey, however, we advise against premature generalizations.     

Bridging the Gap Between Degree Programme Curricula and Employability Through Implementation of Work-related Learning

This article investigates the gap between employers' requirements of graduates and the skills which graduates are furnished with through degree programmes in the higher education (HE) sector in the UK. A survey of 88 subject review reports prepared by the Quality Assurance Agency (QAA) for environmentally related units in the UK showed little emphasis on employability issues. Surveys of first destination statistics of a cohort of graduates from two biological degrees and from national data showed that a significant proportion of graduates were in non-science-based activities. The non-knowledge-based learning outcomes from one degree were investigated, and showed that employability aspects were partially covered in the programme, but were not always associated with secure assessments. The concept of work-related learning is defined and a conceptual framework for HE practitioners is presented that could be used when designing curricula to better map programme learning outcomes onto graduate employment.     

大学生就业能力培养:英国经验及其启示

英国与我国一样存在较大的毕业生就业压力,而在大学生就业能力培养方面存在对就业能力的认识不一致、相关活动不是高校教育的主要目标等矛盾,近年来高校采取改革教学模式、为学生提供个性化帮助、帮助学生增加工作经验以及加强校企联系等多种措施,提高学生的就业能力,相关做法对我国具有一定的启示和借鉴意义。     

The employability skills of higher education graduates: insights into conceptual frameworks and methodological options

In recent decades, a growing body of literature has emerged to illustrate the strong pressure on higher education institutions to prepare graduates for the world of work. This paper examines studies that attempt to incorporate the concept of employability skills in the empirical analysis. It thus focuses on the conceptual discussion and methodological options to show how researchers cope empirically with the assumptions associated with employability skills. This literature survey offers a taxonomy of methods that distinguishes between direct and indirect, as well as supervised and unsupervised, methods for the collection of data on skills. Although the underlying premise of the available research is that higher education institutions and policymakers should be provided with information on employability skills, the studies examined in this paper suggest that the identification of those skills is an impossible endeavour. Agreement is only found on some cognitive, technical, and relational skills. More importantly, it is argued that the supply-side approach overlooks economic and social processes that might affect employability. The problem of graduates’ employability transcends higher education institutions’ provision of useful and matched skills.     

Re-conceptualising graduate employability: the importance of pre-professional identity

Despite efforts to broaden the concept of graduate employability, there remains an overarching focus on developing industry-relevant employability skills. The skills-based approach is, however, too narrow and does not fully capture the complexity of graduate work-readiness. This paper argues for the redefining of graduate employability by embracing pre-professional identity (PPI) formation. PPI relates to an understanding of and connection with the skills, qualities, conduct, culture and ideology of a student's intended profession. The ‘communities of practice’ model is drawn upon to demonstrate how PPI can be developed during university years. Here, a student makes sense of his/her intended profession through multiple memberships and differing levels of engagement with various communities within higher education's ‘landscape of practice’. Example communities include professional associations, student societies, careers services and employers. Implications for stakeholders are discussed.     

Exploring the dimensions of electronic work integrated learning (eWIL)

Work integrated learning (WIL) is a strategic priority for universities aiming to enhance graduate employability in an increasingly competitive labor market. Technology could improve access to WIL as student numbers grows and augment learning outcomes as more work occurs within digital spaces. This systematic literature review examines findings of studies employing and evaluating electronic WIL (eWIL) initiatives to develop a typology that considers the functions of technology which both support (administratively) and deliver (pedagogically) eWIL experiences. As the first systematic literature review in this domain, this study extends the literature through improved understanding of the scope and subsequent conceptualization of eWIL. Specifically, eWIL is a broad concept subsuming two functions: delivery of instruction and administrative functions. This should be taken into account in any attempts to evaluate the implementation of eWIL.     

对提升大学生就业能力的几点思考

随着高等教育的快速发展,2011年我国高校毕业生总量达到了660万,就业形势异常严峻。面临当前大学生就业难的困境,提升大学生就业能力和就业竞争力成为高校亟待解决的问题。本文就大学生就业能力的概念内涵、提升大学生就业能力的必要性和紧迫性以及提升大学生就业能力的途径进行论述,以期为提高大学生就业率和就业质量提供理论依据。     

The reporting of university league table employability rankings: a critical review

Which are the best and worst universities in the UK for getting a job when you graduate? This question attracts readers of the employability rankings in national league tables. This study critically reviews the employability measure used in the rankings and its subsequent reporting in public news and commentary sources, such as national and local media, student and advisory websites as well as universities and the publishers themselves. A debate that is constrained by a reproduction of the content and apparent neutrality of the employability measure in the tables is revealed. Universities themselves are the most frequent commentators, and echo the content of the tables fairly uncritically. Analysis leads to a consideration that participants in higher education may not be served well by a proliferation of information that can lead to simultaneous over-simplification and obfuscation that does not result in clarity or trust. I will argue that prospective students and their advisers need to review information that is available critically, and that universities individually and collectively should facilitate the production of a more nuanced narrative about graduate career pathways that is not controlled by marketing and metrics.     

The impact of funding cuts to further education colleges in Scotland

This article explores the impact of funding cuts to the Further Education colleges in Scotland. The reduction in the number of students in the colleges has been hugely politically controversial. The research utilised the Infact database on the Scottish Funding Council’s website and also a literature review. The research found there had been a significant reduction in the number of students aged under 16 and 25 and over. This is related to a decision to focus on full-time courses for school leavers and to stop funding courses which lead to no recognised qualifications or last less than ten hours. The implications of this are that an increased focus on employability and qualification attainment of school leavers is important to increase employability and reduce the likelihood of NEET and/or enter a long-term cycle of low skilled work and unemployment. However, the reduction of other courses may affect part-time and older students. Many people will be prevented from retraining or upskilling as they are only able to study part-time. This would likely hit those with disabilities and caring responsibilities proportionately harder. Furthermore, there is a concern over the loss of staff from the sector, particularly those with skills of assisting students with additional support needs. The focus on employability courses may well come at the expense of basic living skills courses, which some students may have to undertake before progressing to an employability course. The implications may be that these students simply do not attend college at all and there may be additional costs to support them elsewhere.     

基于行动导向的大学生职业生涯规划课程设计与实施研究

无边界职业生涯时代,高校毕业生要成功就业,就要增强自身的可雇佣性,提高自身的就业能力。为了培养大学生的就业能力,近年来,高校纷纷开设大学生职业生涯规划、大学生就业指导等相关课程。本文以行动导向教学观为指导,以大学生职业生涯规划课程为例进行课程设计和实施的探索。     

注重大学生职业形象塑造,提升高职人才就业竞争力

本文阐述了职业形象的概念及重要意义,并且强调了在高职院校中注重大学生职业形象塑造有利于提升高职人才的就业竞争力,同时对如何提高大学生职业形象设计水平给出了看法,也提出了高职院校在职业形象设计指导过程中存在的问题和解决思路。     

Discrepant stakeholder perspectives on graduate employability strategies

A literature review identified 12 strategies that have been empirically linked to improvements in graduate employability. A survey methodology was used to investigate self-reported use and/or perspectives on these strategies among four stakeholder groups. The following questions were asked: to students – What strategies are you using to improve your graduate employability; to graduates – What strategies did you use to improve your employability?; to higher education career development professionals and educators – Which of the following employability strategies do you provide for students?; and to employers – Which of the following strategies undertaken by students does your organisation value when recruiting graduates? Across the four stakeholder groups, 705 responses were received and analysed. The key findings were discrepancies between the strategies reported in the literature and those indicated in the surveys, as well as discrepancies between stakeholder groups in regard to which strategies were indicated.     

Graduate identity and employability

This paper develops the concept of graduate identity as a way of deepening the understanding of graduate employability. It does this through presenting research in which over 100 employers in East Anglia were asked to record their perceptions of graduates in respect of their employability. The findings suggest a composite and complex graduate identity, depending on employer size and sector. There is no one fixed identity for graduates. Nevertheless, certain themes emerged that seriously put into question the traditional model of graduate employability comprising skills, competencies and attributes. What emerges is a four‐stranded concept of identity that comprises value, intellect, social engagement and performance. Thus, when assessing the potential of graduates, performance is not the only criteria that employers take into account. Moreover, the four elements of identity are by no means independent of each other but are expected to interpenetrate producing a composite identity, with different employers emphasising different facets of this identity.

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The role of hybrid learning spaces in enhancing higher education students’ employability

Graduate employment rates and self-reported employability are increasingly a feature of higher education funding measures. However, graduate outcomes do not denote the whole learning experience of the student nor is the student experience reducible to a single statistic. This paper discusses a design-centric approach to employability development which was enacted within a hybrid learning space. The study engaged 52 final-year speech pathology students, their lecturer, the lead researcher and a career practitioner (advisor) at an Australian university. Students first created personalized employability profiles using an established online self-reflection tool. The online tool produced a personalized report and enabled students to access developmental resources relating to employability and student success. The project team used anonymized student data to transform a previously generic “careers” workshop into a targeted workshop in which students explored individual and cohort findings and participated in developmental activities informed by the data. The initiative’s contribution to learning space research is in its composition as a hybrid learning space in which educators and students engaged as learners and developers of their online learning spaces, and educators collaborated to analyze student data and inform learning and teaching enhancements within the same study period. It is anticipated that the data from subsequent years will inform the curricular review, particularly if subsequent student cohorts express similar concerns. Implications for higher education policy and practice are discussed.     

Employability: a contemporary review for higher education stakeholders

Higher education institutions are under pressure to produce employable graduates who are required to contribute to the sustainability of strong economic growth and development. As such, the onus is on the higher education sector to present graduates to the labour market who are both work ready and have attained employability. This article contributes to the discussion surrounding the employability of graduates by: enhancing understanding and discussing contemporary evidence and debate around employability; showing the genesis, influence and synthesis of the major models associated with employability; summarising the boundaries and barriers to graduate employment; and exploring the determinants of employability from the employer’s perspective. Importantly, the article summarises the contemporary theoretical bases of employability in the one place. Recommendations are made regarding further research and the need for further theoretical contributions.     

Empowering students by enhancing their employability skills

Recognising the importance of graduates being equipped with appropriate employability skills alongside their subject-specific skills, we have had transferable skills training embedded throughout our degree programmes for 30 years. More recently, a specific employability skills module for final-year honours students has been created. This module consists of a programme of activities supporting employability skills, which was delivered to final-year undergraduate students from 2012 to 2015. A key feature in the development and delivery of these activities was the involvement of external experts. Detailed questionnaires have captured student perceptions and thematic analysis has revealed key themes. The module has been perceived to be highly useful, resulting in significant increases in students’ confidence across key areas of employability skills. Furthermore, students may hold skewed perceptions of the relevance of generic employability skills to their chosen career path. This fact should be considered when delivering employability skills programmes.