Teacher behavior under performance pay incentives

Over the last decade many districts implemented performance pay incentives to reward teachers for improving student achievement. Economic theory suggests that these programs could alter teacher work effort, cooperation, and retention. Because teachers can choose to work in a performance pay district that has characteristics correlated with teacher behavior, I use the distance between a teacher's undergraduate institution and the nearest performance pay district as an instrumental variable. Using data from the 2003 and 2007 waves of the Schools and Staffing Survey, I find that teachers respond to performance pay incentives by working fewer hours per week. Performance pay also decreases participation in unpaid cooperative school activities, while there is suggestive evidence that teacher turnover decreases. The treatment effects are heterogeneous; male teachers respond more positively than female teachers. In Florida, which restricts state performance pay funding to individual teachers, I find that work effort and teacher turnover increase.     

特殊教育教师职业认同现状调查研究

教师职业认同是从积极心理学角度来探讨教师对其职业的适应状态。提高教师职业认同,有利于促进教师师资队伍稳定发展。在此目的下,通过自编问卷调查了江苏、天津、广州、成都等地区特殊教育教师的职业认同水平,发现性别、教龄、任课年级、收入状况、学校类型等因素上教师职业认同水平都有一定的差异。根据研究结果提出建议：把职业认同作为教师教育的主要内容,关注教师心理健康教育,加大对特殊教育教师的支持与保障。     

French academics: Between the professions and the civil service

In France, where most higher education institutions are in the public sector, permanent academic staff at universities and other higher education institutions are tenured and enjoy a broad individual autonomy. The number of staff on short-term contracts is limited. Most part-time staff are drawn from professionals, business executives, and administrators – in both the public and private sectors. In recent decades, the number of teaching-only faculty expanded rapidly as tenured secondary school teachers were transferred to higher education institutions. As universities have acquired some autonomy, especially in academic matters, recruitment and promotion of staff combine elements of centralisation at the national level with local processes. Some degree of pay differentiation has been introduced through a growing use of supplementary compensation. As the system evolves toward increased self-governance of institutions, the autonomy enjoyed by the faculty is seen by administrators as an obstacle to the development of institutional policies.     

Organisational rules in schools: teachers’ opinions about functions of rules,rule-following and breaking behaviours in relation to their locus of control

The main aim of this research is to examine teachers’ opinions about functions of school rules, reasons for rule-breaking and results of rule-breaking in relation to their locus of control, gender, age, seniority and branch. 350 public elementary school teachers in Ankara are included in the correlational survey model study. According to the teachers, the main function of school rules is to “provide regularity”. Classroom teachers find school rules more functional than branch teachers. Teachers with internal locus of control find school rules more functional than externals and junior teachers find school rules more functional than senior teachers. The main reason for teachers’ rule-breaking is “being uninvolved in rulemaking process”. When teachers do not follow school rules, they come across with cold behaviours of the school administrators.     

高校教育管理干部职业发展的困境与对策

当前,高校教育管理干部职业发展还存在职业身份认同尴尬、职业归属感欠缺、晋升晋职困难、职业发展缓慢、发展路径单一、职业退缩现象明显等问题。导致这些问题的原因是高校教育管理干部职业发展的政策机制存在缺陷,激励机制乏力,高校教育管理干部自身对职业的认知不完善。要促进高校教育管理干部的职业发展,必须树立高校教育管理也是一门科学的理念;重建高校教育管理干部的激励考核和评价体系;完善高校教育管理干部职业发展的关怀机制;加强高校教育管理干部的入职指导。     

The construct of teachers’ pay satisfaction: a case study of primary and secondary schools in China

The construct of teachers’ pay satisfaction is important to the systemic appraisal of teachers’ compensation. The study aims to probe the components of teachers’ pay satisfaction and verify this construct in primary and secondary schools in China. In-depth interviews with 24 teachers were conducted to propose a construct model for teachers’ pay satisfaction. A survey of 1,218 teachers was conducted to verify the teachers’ pay satisfaction construct, including its reliability and validity, with subjects recruited from 45 primary and secondary schools in 6 cities and counties. Another survey of 364 teachers sampled from 6 provinces was used to compare the proposed two-order model with Heneman’s four-dimensional model. Teachers’ pay satisfaction comprises pay results satisfaction and pay management process satisfaction. The former includes pay level and increase, promotion and training. The latter includes teachers’ engagement, openness and transparency of pay distribution, as well as the reasonableness of distribution rules. Teachers assign greater importance to relative pay than do workers in other occupations. Chinese teachers attach great importance to pay management process satisfaction.     

推进手机移动学习：中小学教师态度与需求

能否在中小学校普及手机移动学习,这是当前国际教育组织、教育行政部门和产业界共同关注的焦点问题。来自北京市4城区11所学校450名教师和管理者的调查数据表明,绝大多数教师都具有积极的技术产品教育应用意向,但反对中小学生持有手机和利用手机进行移动学习。不同学段的教师对推进手机移动学习的需求差异非常显著,小学教师最为积极,初中教师最不积极。在中小学校推进手机移动学习,应引导学校管理者、教师转变理念,客观认识学生手机,逐步认同手机移动学习;应加强宣传,推进本土实践,吸引学校管理者、教师乐于尝试手机移动学习;应增强手机移动学习产品、资源、服务与教育者、学习者、教学过程、学习过程的融合;在政策推广方面,可以先从小学进行试点推广,中学生手机移动学习可以走社会化推进、产业推动的道路。     

Students' teaching career expectations by gender and ability levels in science and math: The role of salary and numeracy skills

Understanding what factors foster young people's aspirations to work as teachers is critical for designing effective recruitment policies, and for ensuring that enough youngsters enter the teaching profession. We examine what factors explain between-country differences in the percentage of 15-year-old students who expect to work as teachers as adults. We focus on two factors: (1) the salaries teachers can expect to earn compared to professionals in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM); and (2) the skill levels teachers have compared to STEM professionals. Relative salaries indicate if (and to what extent) the financial returns associated with teaching careers are higher or lower than professional STEM careers dominated by men. Relative skills highlight the investment in human capital that teachers are expected to make to be able to enter the profession, as well as the social and cultural status that is associated with teaching. We used data from 29 countries that participated in the Programme for International Student Assessment and the Programme for International Assessment of Adult Competencies. In countries where teacher salaries and numeracy skills were high compared to those commanded by STEM professionals, gender gaps in teaching career expectations were smaller. High-ability students in science and mathematics were more likely to expect to work as teachers in countries where teachers have comparatively higher numeracy skills. Our findings show that when teacher salaries are competitive in relationship to the salaries of STEM professionals, more students overall expect to work as teachers. However, whilst low- and middle-performing students in science and mathematics were attracted by economic incentives, high-performing students in science and mathematics were not.     

Evaluative relationships: teacher accountability and professional culture

ABSTRACT

Research on recently adopted methods for teacher evaluation are largely focused on issues of validity and pay less attention to the consequences of implementation for the everyday practices of teaching and learning in schools. This paper draws on an ethnographic case-study to argue that the joint tasks demanded by neoliberal teacher evaluation policies structure interactions among teachers and between teachers and administrators in ways that erode professional culture. Implications for policymakers, school leaders, and teachers are considered.     

The impact of pay-for-percentile incentive on low-achieving students in rural China

In some accountability regimes, teachers pay more attention to higher achieving students at the expense of lower achieving students. The overall goal of this study is to examine, in this type of accountability regime, the impacts of a pay-for-percentile type scheme in which incentives exist for all students but which are larger for improving the achievement of lower achieving students. Analyzing data from a large-scale randomized experiment in rural China, we find that incentives improve average achievement by 0.10 SDs and the achievement of low-achieving students by 0.15 SDs. We find parallel changes in teacher behavior and curricular coverage. Taken together, the results demonstrate that incentive schemes can effectively address teacher neglect of low-achieving students.     

Faculty Activities and Rewards: views from education administrators in the USA

The heads of education divisions of 245 colleges and universities in the USA were surveyed regarding their opinions about faculty activities and reward procedures. Tenure, which was viewed as having the greatest effect on faculty behavior, received significantly more attention from decision‐making bodies in the colleges, and merit pay received significantly less. Education administrators at top universities and larger universities viewed the desire for reputation as more motivating than did other education administrators. The department chairs believed that internal satisfaction was more of a motivating factor than did deans. The deans rated merit pay, contract renewal, promotion and tenure higher as motivators than did the department heads. Although evaluations of teaching were considered the most important for year‐to‐year contract renewal, article and book publication were the most important considerations in merit pay, promotion and tenure. A factor analysis grouped faculty activities into three factors: teaching, service, and publication.     

论高中评价共同体的建立与教师角色定位

高中需要建立由教师、学生、学校管理者及其他相关人员组成的评价共同体。在评价共同体内,教师作为被评价者,评价者,评价体系的构建者发挥着重要作用。针对作为被评价者的教师,应该注重他们的专业发展需要及实现评价方式的多元化;教师作为评价者,应该同时注重学生的认知学习成果评价,情感学习成果评价和心理活动学习成果评价,以实现精英评价向大众评价的转变;教师作为评价体系的构建者,应该积极参与整体性课程评价模式的构建,通过搜集有用信息,参与评价设计及研究与实践相结合,促进评价共同体内各因素的平衡及相关人员的分工合作,建立形成性评价体系。     

试探高校教师管理中的和谐激励

在高校教师管理过程中实施和谐激励,要树立以人为本的管理理念,要构建以人为本的激励机制,要坚持教师的发展性评价。     

STUDENT EVALUATION OF INSTRUCTION: PERCEPTIONS OF COMMUNITY COLLEGE STUDENTS,FACULTY, AND ADMINISTRATORS

The purpose of this study was to compare the opinions of students, teachers, and administrators relative to student evaluation of instruction in selected community colleges. While important educational decisions in community colleges are made on the basis of students’ evaluations (as in retention, promotion, tenure, and pay), little has been accomplished in testing the assumptions behind student evaluation of instruction. The student evaluation process assumes that students are honest, serious, and evaluate instruction, not some incidental activity.

A 25‐item Student Evaluation Process Scale was completed by 607 students, 130 faculty, and 45 administrators in five Illinois community colleges. Findings revealed little significant differences in the opinions of students regarding evaluation of instruction based on variables of sex, age, school location, student type (transfer or occupational), and class standing. There were little significant differences in faculty opinion and within the administrative groups based on selected variables. There were significant differences when the opinions of students, faculty, and administrators were compared. Students and faculty tended to agree with those items that questioned the objectivity of student evaluation of instruction. Administrators and students tended to agree with items reflecting the seriousness with which students evaluate instruction. Faculty and administrators indicated that student evaluation of instruction impacted faculty members’ instructional performances. Neither students, faculty, nor administrators supported the concept of merit pay tied to student evaluation of instruction.

The role of student evaluation of instruction in a faculty evaluation system must be investigated. A variety of groups should participate in this investigation.     

我国幼儿园师资保障质量评估与提升策略

本研究以来自全国5省区的100所幼儿园为样本,采用中国学前教育研究会编制的《走向优质——中国幼儿园教育质量评价标准》中的“师资保障”子标准,运用描述性统计分析、多因变量方差分析和多元回归分析等方法,对当前我国幼儿园师资保障质量进行评价。结果显示,我国幼儿园师资保障质量总体上不容乐观,其中,工资待遇质量较差,能力建设和师资配备质量一般,只有教师伦理质量较好。不同性质幼儿园的师资配备和能力建设质量差异显著,城乡幼儿园的工资待遇质量差异显著。师资保障质量中的能力建设、教师伦理和工资待遇质量对课程促进质量具有显著影响,其中能力建设质量的影响最大。为了提升幼儿园师资保障质量,应依法保障教师工资待遇,使公办园教师逐步实现同工同酬;在提高师幼比及在场师幼比,优化教师职称结构;应加强教师培训量化管理,保证培训的针对性和实效性;对教师的激励与评价应契合教师需要,为其专业发展提供方向和动力。     

充分利用激励理论，不断提高教师的积极性

激励是管理的重要职能,激励理论在教育管理中发挥着重要的作用。激励的主要理论有：需要层次理论、激励一保健理论、ERG理论、X理论和Y理论、强化理论、公平理论等。这些理论对于教师工作积极性的提高具有重要的理论指导作用和实践意义。目前,教育管理激励方式单一,定位落伍,难以适应新时期我国教育形势及教师自身特点的变化,起不到激励作用,限制了教育的发展。学校管理者要针对教师的实际情况,利用相关激励理论以促进教师工作积极性的提高。     

高中绩效工资制实施进展分析——基于东中西部13省高中的调查

本文基于东中西部13省四学段各类相关人员的调研,采用问卷调查、访谈和文本分析的混合研究方法,对高中绩效工资政策实施现状、困境和改进等问题进行了调查研究,得到了如下结论:当前高中绩效工资参照义务教育学校绩效工资制度实施效果不佳,绩效工资激励存在多方位欠缺,尤其不能有效保障高中优秀骨干教师的工资待遇,导致优秀骨干教师流失加剧。本研究从绩效工资总量水平、考核指标设置、绩效工资经济激励单一性等方面,分析了产生上述问题的原因,并提出了如下改进建议:完善高中教师绩效工资制,提高高中绩效工资总量,并形成增长机制;释放高中绩效工资经济激励效应,推行高中教师新绩效工资制度改革;结合学生综合素质评价法的运用,努力增强教师绩效考核的科学性和公平性。     

Students’ expectations of the economic returns to college education: results of a controlled experiment

We report the results of an experiment designed to elicit students’ subjective beliefs about the economic returns to college education. An important feature of our experimental design is the inclusion of financial incentives for accurate reporting. We also consider the extent to which individuals’ beliefs about their own returns differ from their beliefs about the returns for others. The evidence shows that students do have a self-enhancement tendency, and this finding cannot be attributed to previously uncontrolled order effects. The evidence also indicates that there is no significant difference between beliefs elicited using hypothetical surveys or real financial incentives in the elicitation procedure. This finding suggests that economists’ reluctance to gather subjective data on earnings expectations may not be warranted.     

Teachers as Leaders: A critical agenda for the new millennium

Education systems around the world are implementing school-based management organisational reforms resulting in new and enhanced roles for teachers. As a result, traditional notions of what skills, knowledge, competencies and attitudes teachers need to carry out their roles and responsibilities are changing. Fundamental to the necessary changes for teachers is promotion of a 'teachers-as-leaders' agenda, one which is conceptualised around a leadership framework that facilitates a rethinking of teachers' work and that has similarities with that usually associated with school administrators. This paper uses current developments in Queensland government schools to illustrate this changing world for teachers.     

高校教学管理中教学秘书的工作现状及改善建议

教学秘书在高校教学管理中起着举足轻重的作用。针对教学秘书不受重视、任务重、压力大、待遇低、晋升难等工作现状,提出了树立理念、营造氛围、实施激励、健全体制、提供机会、理清出路等改善建议。