最终需求视角我国碳排放总量地区分解研究

碳排放总量控制是减排的必经之路,在我国区域差异大的背景下,分区减排又是急待解决的核心问题。本文从投入产出法中的核心思想“最终需求”出发,优先满足公平性,其次兼顾效率性,从一个全新的角度探索了碳排放总量地区分解方法,通过满足消费需求碳排放权保证“代内公平”,满足经济发展需求碳排放权保证“代际公平”,不仅使地区居民生活和经济发展必须的碳排放权得到了满足,又从碳排放权使用效率最大化上考虑,使减排的经济代价尽量减少,解决了碳排放总量目标区域分解的难题,为我国从碳强度控制最终转向碳排放总量控制奠定了坚实的基础。结论表明国家应从地区人口规模、经济发展水平、地区碳转移,以及能源生产力的差异上分配差异化的减排考核目标,使各个地区愿意并且能够完成任务。     

最终需求视角下我国碳排放总量地区分解研究

碳排放总量控制是减排的必经之路,在我国区域差异大的背景下,分区减排又是急待解决的核心问题。从投入-产出法的核心思想——最终需求出发,优先满足公平性,其次兼顾效率性,从一个全新的角度探索碳排放总量地区分解方法,通过满足消费需求碳排放权保证代内公平、通过满足经济发展需求碳排放权保证代际公平,不仅使地区居民生活和经济发展必须的碳排放权得到满足,又从碳排放权使用效率最大化上考虑使减排的经济代价尽量减少,解决碳排放总量目标区域分解的难题,为我国从碳强度控制最终转向碳排放总量控制奠定坚实的基础。结论表明国家应从地区人口规模、经济发展水平、地区碳转移以及能源生产力的差异上分配差异化的减排考核目标,使各个地区愿意并且能够完成任务。     

公平与效率耦合视角下省际碳排放权分配的双层规划模型

构建公平与效率耦合视角下的碳排放权总量分配双层规划模型,并基于交互式决策理论,在碳排放总量控制目标约束下,运用基于满意度的主从递阶交互式迭代算法对碳排放权总量分配模型进行求解。结合2009年中国在哥本哈根会议作出的减排承诺,对2020年全国碳排放权总量进行了省际间的优化配置,进一步验证了模型的有效性与算法的可行性。最后,针对碳市场的大背景以及中国面临的减排压力,提出可行性建议。     

基于情景分析法的中国碳排放分配预测研究

基于公平原则、效率原则和溯往原则三个分配视角建立碳排放分配模型,并根据九种不同的分配情景对我国2020年碳配额分配展开预测研究。结果显示:溯往原则视角会增加我国碳排放分配总额,且对资源丰富的省市影响较大;效益原则视角对我国碳排放分配的影响略小于溯往原则视角,主要影响东部等发达区域分配的碳配额量;而公平原则视角对我国分配的碳配额总量影响较小。最后提出加快技术开发速度、通过供给侧改革大力淘汰落后产能、完善碳权分配机制等建议。     

公平视角下中国地区碳排放权分配研究

在国际碳博弈中,碳排放权的主流分配原则有10余种之多,应用不同分配原则的分配结果差别迥异,地区对不同原则的偏好或排斥也较为悬殊。为寻求分配协商共识,要求必须建立以公平为基础的分配方案。本文首先基于2017年全球碳浓度变化测算出全球排放空间和中国的排放总额,进而利用等人均、等产出、等空间、历史排放以及地区碳汇5个单一原则实现从全国总额到地方配额的分配。根据单一原则下各地区的分配数据计算各原则对应的相对剥夺系数,并以相对剥夺系数为基础的公平感受评价构建权重,最终形成多原则综合加权的分配方案。通过对2017年为例的碳排放权分配研究,得出如下结论：①基于单一原则的配额分配结果表明,历史排放原则是最有利于中国排放权配额获取以及最能体现地区分配公平的原则。②五大原则的综合加权分配结果表明,获得配额最大的3个地区分别为：山东、江苏、广东;获得配额最小的3个地区分别为：海南、宁夏、甘肃。各省配额汇总的全国碳排放权总额为603464.5万t,与当前实际排放存在数200000万~300000万t的差距之差,与中国国际减排责任分担较为一致。③基于个体感受公平的加权分配方案具有良好的操作性、稳健性和兼容性。为切实推动全国碳排放权分配工作实施开展及更好的实现地区生态资源配置公平,主要建议如下：碳排放权配额分配要求科学合理的制定全国分配总额,使地区和企业形成稳定的配额预期;有效设计分配原则方案,兼顾公平性和可操作性,地区减排责任分担不搞“一刀切”。     

欧盟碳排放权管理制度沿革对中国的启示

结合欧盟碳排放权管理制度改革经验和中国碳交易的现状,中国在建立碳排放权市场时应遵循维持碳排放权的稀缺性、兼顾碳排放权分配方案的公平与效率、构建完整的碳金融服务链三项原则。中国应充分利用在项目减排中积累的经验将碳市场与生态补偿相结合,为中国碳市场走向国际化奠定基础。     

实现共同富裕的创新手段：碳转移支付

碳达峰、碳中和与共同富裕都是党中央的重要决策。文章以共同富裕中的区域协调发展为主线,以收入与碳排放权的均衡合理分配为原则,构建区域碳转移支付的均衡模型。利用碳转移支付调整区域财政收入,使收入分配体系更加符合科学的共同富裕正态分布特征,从而在兼顾公平和效率、实现共同富裕目标的前提下,达到碳排放权和发展权的平衡,为区域可持续发展奠定基础。     

2030年碳强度目标约束下黄河流域碳排放权省域分配及碳减排潜力评估

科学合理分配黄河流域各省区的碳排放权并评估其碳减排潜力事关流域各省区未来的发展空间。文章通过构建碳排放权省域分配模型测算了黄河流域2018—2030年各省区的碳排放权及其空间余额,采用最优效率法评估了2020年黄河流域各省区的碳减排潜力。研究表明：①黄河流域各省区碳排放权分配不均。2018—2030年流域的碳排放权总量为323.06亿t,配额大部分集中于中下游地区,上游地区的碳排放权配额较少。其中,山东配额最多,达100.30亿t;宁夏配额最少,为5.46亿t。②2018—2030年黄河流域碳排放空间不足,累积碳排放权赤字达113.50亿t。其中,山西、内蒙古、山东、甘肃、青海和宁夏的累积碳排放权空间余额均为负值,属于碳排放权赤字地区;四川、河南和陕西则均为正值,属于盈余地区。③黄河流域各省区的碳减排潜力呈现出“西北高、东南低”的分布特征,碳减排潜力差距大。     

基于三对均衡关系视角的区域碳排放初始权配置研究

基于我国碳减排实际状况和供给侧改革下碳权供给体系的考虑,提出我国碳排放初始权配置中应重点关注三对均衡关系的处理,即供给与需求均衡、区域与行业均衡、公平与效率均衡。在此视角下设计碳排放初始权配置指标体系,以区间数衡量省域未来不同的可能发展水平,建立基于区间投影的省域碳排放初始权配置模型。对具有典型代表的华北地区2020年碳排放初始权分配进行实证研究,并将分配结果与基于历史排放的配置结果进行对比,得出如下研究结论:2020年华北地区的碳排放初始权配置中,山西省配置量最大,其次是内蒙古自治区和河北省、天津市,北京地区配置最少,配置结果符合各省域的实际情;配置模型将促进省域节能减排效率的提高,同时将更进一步为碳排放权交易的进行奠定科学合理基础。     

能源密集型行业碳排放权总量分配两阶段决策模型研究

基于EU ETS碳排放权交易体系,构建了能源密集型行业碳排放权总量分配两阶段决策模型,并根据天津市碳排放权交易现状,选取石化行业进行模型算例。研究得出:碳排放权总量不仅与企业排放参数相关,同时受到碳排放权价格影响;同质企业市场下,碳排放权总量受碳排放权价格均值影响较大,与价格波动无关;单个企业碳排放权总量受企业减排技术成本因子影响较大,受碳交易市场价格总量系数影响相对较小。     

Students' Reactions to the Introduction of Videoconferencing for Classroom Instruction

This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors.     

Cooler temperatures inductive to locust outbreaks

Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007.     

Exploring Multiplexity: Social Network Structures in a Computer-Supported Distance Learning Class

A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction.     

The Role of Intermediating Institutions in the Diffusion of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): How Industry Associations Intervened in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong

Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies.     

How Electronic Publishers are Protecting Against Piracy: Doubts About Technical Systems of Protection

The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means.     

Rough Justice: A Statistical Assessment of ICANN's Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy

Long-standing conflict between domain name registrants and trademark holders prompted the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to create a global, mandatory arbitration procedure known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). The UDRP has been used in 2166 cases involving 3938 domain names as of 1 November 2000. The policy gives the initiator of a complaint, generally a trademark holder, the right to choose which ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider (RSP) will handle the case. During the preparation of the UDRP,some feared that complainant selection would lead to "forum shopping" that might bias the results. This article performs a statistical assessment of the forum-shopping thesis and finds support for it. There are statistically significant differences in the various RSPs' propensity to take away names from defendants; there are also major differences in the number of cases brought to each RSP. RSPs who take away names have the larger share of cases. The study examines other variables that might explain differences in market share, such as price, the plaintiff's nationality, or the time taken to decide a case. It finds that nationality and time also are correlated with market share. The study concludes that shopping for a favorable outcome is an important factor in the UDRP.     

Prevalence of soft neurological signs in Chinese people

Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen, a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology, has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology.     

Monoculture Rubber Plantations Have Negative Ef ects on Controlling Splash Erosion

<正>In Xishuangbanna,one of China’s most biodiverse regions,landscape has changed dramatically during the past three decades due to the conversion of tropical rainforest to rubber plantations.In steep areas,terraces are often constructed before planting rubber trees,which causes two important changes in the soil:the destabilization of soil in the bench terraces and the increased vulnerability of unvegetated riser faces to erosion.Few studies have documented the nature and intensity of erosion on bench terraces.Prof.LIU Wenjie and his colleagues from the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden(XTBG)conducted a study in Menglun County(21°5′39″N,101°15′55″E),Xishuangbanna to evaluate the influence     

Chinese Scientists Use Earth Observation Technologies to Study and Protect Wild Camels

<正>Chinese scientists plan to apply Earth Observation technologies to protect the critically endangered wild camels(Camelus ferus).With the help of remote sensing,satellite positioning,geographical information system and wireless sensors networks,they will be able to access the distribution and population of the wild camels and protect their habitats.The project will be carried out by the International Research Center for Wild Camel Conservation,which was jointly established earlier this year by the Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth(RADI)of the Chinese     

More than Skin Deep – Understand Skin Biology by Means of Dermatogenomics

<正>The Paul Gerson Unna Research Group on Dermatogenomics was founded in October 2012 at the Partner Institute for Computational Biology.The ultimate goal of the group is to understand the biology of skin and skin appendages.