寻道与循道:明清山东士人在家庭空间内的定位与走向

传统中国社会,家长在家庭空间内对士人童蒙时期所进行的各种道德训诫,其定位坐标依然是儒家之道,涵盖了一切以忠孝仁义为核心的伦理纲常以及群体观、社会观等价值观念,由此指导着士人去寻道并走向循道之实践。但由于受个体主观因素及社会外在环境等影响,士人践行中则出现了有道则见、无道则隐、弃道求存、以道抗势等多样性发展趋势。     

元末士人谋营生计的多途选择及其时代意蕴

元末士人的心态动向、处世方式趋于多样。当时,士人虽然可以凭借儒户身份享受免役、补贴等政策,但由于诸种原因,这些政策实难有效缓解其生存窘境。为了谋营生计,安顿生命,大批士人不得不选择农、医、教、商等生存方式。他们之所放弃科考入仕等人间正道,转而踏入这些孤寂清苦之途,个中缘由既有传统因素的影响,也与其思想认识和价值追求密切相关,但根本而言,则是源于元末复杂多变的社会环境和日益衰变的统治格局。     

从乱世家训看魏晋士人的道德自觉

魏晋南北朝时期,社会的动荡、生命的不永、财富的分化,都没有成为士人追寻道德的障碍。相反,在这样容易使人堕落的时代,士人通过撰写家训向世人表明了他们所肩负的人生使命。同时,在面临多种文化交错融合的形势下,士人们对传统道德进行了多元价值的重构,拓展了道德追求的途径,他们所确立的立身处世的道德原则,深深地影响了后来士人的道德价值取向。     

论唐代官妓生活

唐代官妓是隶属官府乐籍的女性群体,在特殊的社会背景下,这一群体主要来源于世业承袭、生活所迫、私妓转化等途径。她们大多出身寒微或身世悲惨,鲜有却籍从良之机会,以侍宴及与士人交往为主要生活情态。在儒家思想占据重要地位的唐代社会中,官妓成为衡量士人道德标准之一,同时也在客观上影响了唐代的文学发展和婚姻观念。     

道德与仁义--论老子仁义观兼议最初的儒道关系

老子不认同仁义,甚至要绝弃仁义。但绝弃仁义,不是向下沉沦为不仁不义,而是上达于大道。《老子》又名《道德经》,本来就在"言道德之意"。与仁义相比,道德不会沦为伪善,不会临人以德,不会事事干预,不会依贵贱亲疏而爱有差等,甚至不知道自己合乎道德。道家认为,仁义如果只用作个人修德,那就可以拥有一块存身之地;如果越出个人修德的铁门限来"矫"天下,那就失去存在的合法性。世人需要做的只是不相为害,圣人则需要达到比仁义更高的道德,两种场合都用不着仁义。在学派初创时期,老、孔只是就如何重建秩序提出各自的方案,孔子欲恢复传统,老子则批评传统,两人基本上属于自说自话,没有相互攻讦。     

“仁义礼智信”与建构大学生的共同价值观

前不久,在清华大学召开的“中国传统文化与道德教育”国际学术研讨会上,东方道德研究所所长王殿卿教授在发言中提出,要通过核心价值观的建设来提高大学的德育水平。他认为,一个国家不能没有核心价值观,也就是核心道德,因为它是治国安邦之纲。我国历史上形成的核心道德,就是中国和中国人的核心价值观“。仁义礼智信”在我国两千多年来的历史进程中,担当了中华民族核心道德的功能,它是我国传统道德之纲,它牵动、影响和辐射着整个社会道德规范体系,提升整个社会的道德水准。因此,研究“仁义礼智信”,对“仁义礼智信”逐个赋予新的时代内涵,将其作为建构国家核心价值观体系的一种参照,对大学乃至全社会都具有重大的意义。征得作者同意,现将文章发表如下,以期引起高校广大德育工作者的关注。     

乾隆“盛世”中的狂怪之士

乾隆后期存在着一个特殊的士人群体，他们有一个共同特征，即其行为不被主流社会所认可，因而被称为狂怪之士。本文试图通过分析这些士人被称为狂怪之士的原因，指出这种士人群体的存在是盛世政治的独特产物，也是清朝社会由盛转衰的重要标志。     

清代书院的儒学传播对士人的影响

清代书院的儒学传播对当时处于不同社会阶层的士人群体产生了极为重要的影响.对社会上层的官僚士大夫而言,培养了他们的书院讲学情结、儒学信仰、道德情操和行为模式;对社会中层的知名学者、普通官吏而言,影响到他们的治学风气、教育方法和理念乃至施政方略;对社会底层的民间士人而言,有利于他们改变自身的社会地位以及民间儒学风气的普及和形成.而这些反过来又在一定程度上推动了书院儒学传播的进一步发展.     

博学济世，行己有耻——从《红楼梦》中的两个士人说起

明清两代的衰亡,教育应负有责任。曹雪芹在《红楼梦》中通过甄士隐和贾雨村两个士人形象的塑造,活生生地揭示出当时社会士人培养方面的问题。甄士隐博学于文,品德高尚,但此人既无济世之心,又无治生本领,是个废材;贾雨村自强不息,刚健有为,然溺于势利,毫无心灵原则,丧失起码的道德良知,最终成为国家、社会的祸害。这两个士人形象从不同侧面反映出儒家教育的某种偏失,对今天高等教育人才培养仍有警示意义。     

北宋士人种菊诗探论

士人种菊诗,是指士人描写自身及其他士人种植菊花活动以抒情寄意的诗歌作品。北宋士人种菊诗作,涉及菊花之祛病健身延年之养生功效,美艳高洁淡泊的比德质素等多重意涵;折射出作者们不同心灵倾向,如江休复之洒落,司马光之朴素,欧阳修之悲慨,梅尧臣之温和,吕陶之坦诚,刘挚之清隽,张耒之平易、毛滂、李新之落寞等;从北宋中期的刘挚、吕陶开始,陶渊明的影像逐渐凸显出来,先是化作应对政场艰辛的平衡器,后则充当疏离社会昏乱的安慰剂。北宋士人和隐士的种菊行为暨种菊诗作,建构了一个北宋士人群体藉以涵养身心的“菊世界”。     

卡思卡特城堡

It is worthy of noting that, whilst Crookston Castle witnessed the earlier and happier portion of Mary's variegated life,     

不同的吃喝玩乐

一、吃和喝吃苹果 eat an apple, 吃药 take medicine,吃糖 have some sweets,吃饭 have one's meals,吃馆子 dine out,吃惊 be surprised/     

漏洞百出的教育

Many college freshmen arrive woefully unprepared to do college work, and as disadvantaged populations continue to grow, the share of the American work force that has made it through college is expected to plummet. Many experts blame that educational failure not just on high schools but also on colleges. School & College, a special report by The Chronicle, looks at efforts to fix the system. What reforms would better prepare students for college? What should schools and colleges be doing differently? How should state and federal officials help?     

Western and Eastern culture differences in commercial field

The communication of people partially is the communication of cultures. Culture has a direct effect on international commercial activities in all aspects. Different conceptions about time, space, equality, law and the like, lead people to deal with things in different ways. So to know cultures of the counterpart is to facil-itate our enterprises so as to have a smooth and successful communication in commercial activity.     

只要努力,不要后悔

There are numbers of crossroads on our long and unpredictable life journey where we totally have no idea about which direction to choose. No matter what our decision is, we should not turn back, but face the music and go ahead instead. I am this kind of girl who always does try without regretting, one example is how I dealt with my love.     

浅谈移民问题

Migration occurs behind a variety of reasons and has a great effect on the whole world. People may migrate in order to improve their economic situation, or in order to escape civil strife, persecution, and environmental disasters. The impact of migration is complex, bringing both benefits anddisadvantages. This paper briefly talks about the causes of migration, the allocation of benefits, and the ways in which individual countries and the international community deal with this important subject.     

风的曲线

Rosco and I wait for the fishermen to return.I sit at a wooden bench near the store at Mt.Baker Resort and watch the clouds change shape. Rosco has my belt around his neck and an eight foot tow chain hooked to a tree. Dogs must be on a leash. Ducks and rabbits are loose.     

团图为数的图中的闭团贯数

Given a graph G,a subgraph C is called a clique of G if C is a complete subgraph of G maximal under inclusion and |C|≥2. A clique-transversal set S of G is a set of vertices of G such that S meets all cliques of G. The clique-transversal number, denoted as TC (G), is the minimum cardinality of a clique-transversal set in G. The clique-graph of G, denoted as K (G), is the graph obtained by taking the cliques of G as vertices, and two vertices are adjacent if and only if the corresponding cliques in G have nonempty intersection. Let F be a class of graphs G such that F={G|K(G) is a tree}. In this paper the graphs in F having independent clique-transversal sets are shown and thus TC (G)/|G|≤1/2 for all G ∈ F.     

Sister Carrie, an Adherent of Desires

Sister Carrie is one of the most controversial characters in American literature.Thought as a "fallen woman" firstly,she was defined as a "new woman" by some critics later. However, by digging into the motivaton behind the whole process of Carrie's "success", the relationship between Carrie and her creator (the author), the social conditions of then American, it can be found that Carrie has never been free-standing on her thought and she has never found her real-sdf even after becoming a famous actress. In a society dominated by mass consumerism Carrie is only an adherent of her own desires. She also is a representative of all those country girls flooded into cities, a symbol and a sacrifice of the urbanization of America in a time countryside was overcome by cities.