内隐记忆和外显记忆的ERP分离述评

事件相关电位(ERP)在探讨与不同认知活动相关的神经活动分离现象上具有较大的优势。文章通过回顾以往相关研究,对编码及提取阶段中内隐记忆和外显记忆的ERP分离现象进行了概述,表明不论在编码过程中,还是在提取过程中,内隐记忆和外显记忆都存在着分离现象,二者属于不同的记忆系统,与不同的大脑机制相联系。最后探讨了当前ERP研究的缺陷及未来展望。     

Beyond Amplification: Using the computer to Reorganize Mental Functioning

Computers are classically viewed as amplifiers of cognition. An alternative conceptualization is offered of computer as reorganizer of mental functioning. Software analyses illuminate the advantages of the latter approach for new visions of the potential cognitive benefits of computers. A new result emerges: Because the cognitive technologies we invent serve as instruments of cultural redefinition (shaping who we are by changing, not just amplifying, what we do), defining educational values becomes a foreground issue. The demands of an information society make an explicit emphasis on general cognitive skills a priority. The urgency of updating education's goals and methods recommends an activist research paradigm: to simultaneously create and study changes in processes and outcomes of human learning with new cognitive and educational tools.     

情绪对个体外显和内隐记忆的影响研究综述

情绪与认知的关系很久以来受到心理学家的极大关注。记忆作为一种重要的认知活动,也受到了关注。随着对内隐记忆研究的深入,在研究情绪对记忆的影响时,国内外学者不仅对情绪对外显记忆的影响进行研究,同时也对情绪对内隐记忆的影响进行了研究,并得出了不同的研究成果。笔者综述了国内外学者对个体的情绪状态以及个体的启动情绪状态对记忆的影响的研究。     

内隐记忆与外显记忆编码与提取加工的分离

不论在内隐测验还是在外显测验,编码干扰与提取干扰对随后的记忆行为产生的影响都是不同的,表现出编码加工与提取加工的分离现象.这种分离现象在两类测验中又存在着差异:即编码干扰影响外显记忆,但不影响内隐记忆;而提取干扰影响内隐记忆,但不影响外显记忆,表现出内隐记忆与外显记忆的分离现象.     

The Complex Decision-Making Processes of Rural Emerging Adults: Counseling Beyond Dualism

Rural adolescents approach the transition out of high school with individual concerns about making an emotionally or financially expensive “mistake,” family concerns about young people leaving home, and national and local concerns about declining rural economies and out-migration. The literature concerning this topic considers factors that influence youth aspirations in rural areas, such as economic barriers, the way higher education is valued, and perceptions of rural places as lacking in opportunity. However, there has been little study of the myriad interpersonal, emotional, and self-identity inputs that are part of the decision-making processes of rural emerging adults, and little is known about how the aspirations of rural youth play out over time. This article, based on the findings of a qualitative longitudinal study, considers the way rural emerging adults weighed options, understood constraints and opportunities, and took action on behalf of their aspirations to make something meaningful of their lives. Research participants were engaged in a process of decision making that was multifaceted, nuanced, and purposeful, and the results of the research made it clear that we need to think beyond the dualisms of staying or leaving, college or not. Counselors must be prepared to “stay complex” and help rural emerging adults anticipate ecological transitions, find coping mechanisms, and cut through binaries to explore alternative pathways, creative identities, and multiple meanings of success.     

Generative Learning Processes of the Brain

This article presents a functional model of learning from teaching that, in contrast to structural models of schemata and knowledge representation, focuses on the neural and cognitive processes that learners use to generate meaning and understanding from instruction. Wittrock's model of generative learning (Wittrock, 1974a, 1990) consists of four major processes: (a) attention, (b) motivation, (c) knowledge and preconceptions, and (d) generation. Each of these processes involves generative brain functions studied in neural research and generative cognitive functions studied in knowledge-acquisition research. In this model of generative learning, the brain is a model builder. It does not transform input into output. Instead, it actively controls the processes of generating meaning and plans of action that make sense of experience and that respond to perceived realities. Within this framework, teaching becomes the process of leading learners to use their generative processes to construct meanings and plans of action.     

学习前后情绪唤醒对内隐和外显记忆的影响

本研究采用加工分离实验范式,以大学生为被试,分别考察了即时回忆（实验1）和延时回忆（实验2）条件下,不同阶段的情绪唤醒对于外显记忆和内隐记忆的影响。本研究发现：（1）学习前情绪唤醒对即时的外显记忆有促进作用,但不影响即时的内隐记忆;（2）延时回忆中,学习前情绪唤醒促进内隐记忆,外显记忆不受影响。本研究表明,学习前后的情绪唤醒通过不同机制影响外显记忆和内隐记忆。     

存在句与“目标/背景”的空间认知倾向

本文以英语和汉语中的存在句为语言依据，探讨以这两种语言为母语的人在认知空间“目标”与“背景”的过程中是否具有不同的认知倾向。文章首先概要描述英、汉语存在句的基本句法和语义特点之后，然后针对“在认知‘目标’和‘背景’时英、汉语母语者有不同的先后顺序倾向”的观点，提出了否定性的实验证据，对今后进一步的实证研究的可行性进行了初步的论证。     

外语多媒体课件设计的图形--背景论

外语多媒体课件的目的应在于提供一个直观、逼真的认知场，从而使学习者能够容易、迅速、有效地感知、理解和记忆有关内容。本文以格式塔心理学图形-背景理论为依据，从外语多媒体的构成元素诸如色彩、色度、背景图案、动画、字体、版式、声音、音乐等方面，分析了如何使其信息呈现方式与学习者的认知方式一致的问题，并祈对于课件的优化设计提供方法论的参考。     

提取干扰对内隐和外显记忆的差异化影响

以往较多的研究探讨过提取干扰与外显记忆之间的关系,且所获得的结果较为一致。而关于提取干扰与内隐记忆关系的研究相对较少,并存在差异化的结果。为了进一步证实提取干扰下内隐记忆的表现,以及同外显记忆的差异,该实验采用经典的“学习-测验”范式,并通过在提取阶段设置箭头干扰任务来探讨。结果发现,提取干扰下内隐测验中获得的启动效应受到显著的破坏作用,而外显测验中的成绩不受影响。可见,内隐记忆的提取需要一定的注意资源,而外显记忆的提取表现出相对完整的自动化。     

Beyond Warmth and Conflict: The Developmental Utility of a Boundary Conceptualization of Sibling Relationship Processes

Translating relationship boundaries conceptualizations to the study of sibling relationships, this study examined the utility of sibling enmeshment and disengagement in predicting child adjustment difficulties in a sample of 282 mothers and adolescents (mean age = 12.7 years). Mothers completed a semistructured interview at the first measurement occasion to assess sibling interaction patterns. Adolescents, mothers, and teachers reported on children’s adjustment problems across 2 annual waves of assessment. Supporting the incremental utility of a boundary conceptualization of sibling relationships, results of latent difference score analyses indicated that coder ratings of sibling enmeshment and disengagement uniquely predicted greater adolescent adjustment difficulties even after taking into account standard indices of sibling relationship quality (i.e., warmth and conflict) and sibling structural characteristics (e.g., sex).     

负性情绪记忆有意遗忘的脑机制

负性情绪性记忆大多是一些给个体带来痛苦的记忆,对于这些记忆能否有意遗忘将直接影响人们的生活.负性情绪记忆有意遗忘的本质就是负性情绪记忆的主动抑制.不管是定向遗忘还是压抑遗忘研究都发现负性情绪影响记忆抑制,但是这种影响究竟是促进还是损害并没有一致的结论,并且都能获得脑机制研究结论的支持.将来应进行负性图片与负性词有意遗忘的比较研究,负性情绪记忆有意遗忘提取阶段的ERP研究以及定向遗忘与压抑遗忘的比较研究.     

高昂文学形象的情绪启动效应对人的记忆的影响研究

本研究的目的是探析高昂文学形象的情绪启动效应时人的记忆是否存在影响.研究结果发现,高昂文学形象的情绪启动效应是明显的,实验组的被试情绪强度均值与控制组的被试情绪均值存在显著的差异,高昂文学形象的情绪启动效应对人的记忆影响与中性形象的情绪启动效应对人的记忆影响具有显著差异.     

Communication in Mind,Brain, and Education: Making Disciplinary Differences Explicit

Difficulties in communication within Mind, Brain, and Education (MBE) can arise from several sources. One source is differences in orientation among the areas of research, policy, and practice. Another source is lack of understanding of the entrenched and unspoken differences across research disciplines in MBE—that is, recognition that research in MBE comes from many diverse disciplines, rather than some monolithic entity. A third challenge to communication in MBE arises from the nature of studying the mind and brain; we address the different levels of analysis in mind–brain research. Throughout our article, we emphasize that recognizing these differences—across areas (research, practice, and policy), disciplines, and levels of analysis—and making them explicit can facilitate effective communication in MBE. We illustrate these concepts with examples from the study of reading disorders across several disciplines.     

前瞻记忆的脑机制研究

目前前瞻记忆已成为记忆研究的一个热点,对于前瞻记忆的影响因素的研究等也深入到众多方面,并且随着PET、ERP、fMRI等技术的运用,人们开始对前瞻记忆的脑机制进行了初步的研究,并确定了某些与前瞻记忆有关的脑区,且对前瞻记忆某些理论模型进行了验征性的研究。这对于前瞻记忆的研究无论是在理论上还是实际的应用上都具有重要的意义。     

建构思维及其培养

数学是关于思维的科学,建构思维是指发现或发明数学概念、定理、公式和命题以及形成蕴涵于其中的数学思想、方法的个人认识.建构思维的培养有助于培养学生的创新精神,促进学生对数学知识的理解.建构思维包括外源建构思维、内源建构思维和辩证建构思维.     

Luria's Theory of Brain Functioning: A Model for Research in Cognitive Psychophysiology

Luria's (1973) brain functioning theory is offered as a model for cognitive psychophysiological research. It may be used to predict brain processing patterns both for constructive tasks of various levels of complexity and for high and low performance on these tasks. Brain mapping research is reported that shows how brain processing patterns for tasks of varying cornp1exit:y are associated with Luria's theory. As a model for research, Luria's model offers several potential contributions to educational psychology. First, it may help bridge the current gap between mainstream educational psychology and cognitive psychophysiology. Second, it may be used to associate student performance on cognitive tasks with brain processing patterns. For example, differences have been demonstrated between high and low task performance and brain processing patterns. Finally, the model proposed is potentially very useful because it is empirically testable. The weight of the evidence to date clearly supports the proposition that brain processing patterns and performance in higher order, constructive cognitive tasks are related in a consistent and predictable manner to Luria's brain functioning theory.