如何创设情境,培养和激发智障儿童的学习动机

对于轻度智障儿童的教学,必须以学生的生活经验和现有的知识为出发点,将抽象和静态的知识理论用具体的动态的思考来体现出来。教师在对智障儿童进行教育的过程中,需要适当地创设情境,让儿童从实际的情境练习中感受学习的趣味性,从而激发学生学习的兴趣,有效激发和培养智障儿童的学习动机。     

Motivation and the Recall of Completed and Incompleted Achievement Items

Abstract

On the basis of previous research and theoretical considerations, the recall of completed and incompleted items in an examination situation was studied as a function of individual differences in repression-sensitization tendencies and resultant achievement motivation (need-for-achievement minus fear-of-failure). The Zeigarnik effect, that is, the greater recall of incompleted over completed tasks was found to be significantly more frequent in Ss of high than low resultant achievement motivation, but no difference was found between repressors and sensitizers in this effect. Results supported Atkinson’s theoretical analysis of achievement motivation and task recall but did not support a repression analysis. No significant level-of-aspiration differences were obtained between Ss high or low in resultant achievement motivation or between repressors and sensitizers.     

Graphical Analysis of Test Items

Graphical Item Analysis (GIA) visually displays the relationship between the total score on a test and the response proportions of the correct and false alternatives of a multiple-choice item. The GIA method provides essential and easily interpretable information about item characteristics (difficulty, discrimination and guessing rate). Low quality items are easily detected with the GIA method because they show response proportions on the correct alternative which decrease with an increase of the total score, or display response proportions of one or more false alternatives which do not decrease with an increase of the total score. The GIA method has two main applications. Firstly, it can be used by researchers in the process of identifying items that need to be excluded from further analysis. Secondly, it can be used by test constructors in the process of improving the quality of the item bank. GIA enables a better understanding of test theory and test construction, especially for those without a background in psychometrics. In this sense, the GIA method might contribute to reducing the gap between the world of psychometrists and the practical world of constructors of achievement tests.     

On Motivation,Ability, and the Perceived Situation in Science Test Performance: A Person-Centered Approach With High School Students

This research examined between-group differences in test-related perceptions, engagement, and performance; and within-group predictors of science performance among groups of high school students characterized by different patterns of science motivation. Patterns of motivation were derived from Dweck's (1986) typology and were used to classify students as mastery oriented, ego oriented, helpless, or "unclassified by such a typology." Groups were then compared on their efficacy for performing successfully on science multiple-choice tests, constructed response tests, and performance assessments; their beliefs about the validity of each test format; and their actual performance on multiple-choice and constructed response items. Group differences in gender composition, test perceptions and engagement, and performance were found. Results are discussed in terms of Snow's (1994) theory of aptitude complexes and their relation to individual differences in performance.     

英语阅读理解题型分析及应对策略

目前各类英语水平考试中,阅读理解都占有很重要的比例,特别是英语教学和英语考试改革以后,对学习者听说和读写能力有了更高的要求。但从考生的分数来看,阅读理解经常是失分最多的部分,因此在阅读过程中对其题型进行分析并及时总结应对策略是非常有必要的。     

An Experimental, Exploratory Study of Causes of Bias in Test Items

This study evaluated 16 hypotheses, subsumed under 7 more general hypotheses, concerning possible sources of bias in test items for black and white examinees on the Graduate Record Examination General Test (GRE). Items were developed in pairs that were varied according to a particular hypothesis, with each item from a pair administered in different forms of an experimental portion of the GRE. Data were analyzed using log linear methods. Ten of the 16 hypotheses showed interactions between group membership and the item version indicating a differential effect of the item manipulation on the performance of black and white examinees. The complexity of some of the interactions found, however, suggested that uncontrolled factors were also differentially affecting performance.     

Self-Efficacy, Motivation Constructs, and Mathematics Performance of Entering Middle School Students

The objectives of this study were to determine the influence of various motivation variables on task-specific mathematics performance and to explore whether these variables change during the first year of middle school (N = 273). Students' task-specific self-efficacy was the only motivation variable to predict performance and did so both at start and end of year. There were no differences in anxiety, self-concept, or self-efficacy for self-regulation between start and end of year, but, by end of year, students described mathematics as less valuable and reported lower effort and persistence. Gifted students had stronger mathematics self-concept beliefs, and they had more accurate and less overconfident self-efficacy beliefs than did regular education students. There were no gender differences in any of the motivation constructs. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.     

Characterisation of Cognitive Difficulty Level of Test Items

Abstract

The study of subjects in science and technology involves high level thinking. Student‐material match at the design stage of a curriculum refers, in most cases, to the general criteria of thinking and learning theories, such as the ability to carry out ‘formal operations’ according to Piaget. The question of relevance may arise when dealing with a specific subject matter, in this context. Checking the student‐material match through an achievement post test enables us to refer to the relevant contents.

A method is proposed to characterise a test item through a content ingredient (Number of Schemes NS required for solution) and the required learner's resources (represented by the Problem Solving Taxonomy PST level). The Cognitive Difficulty Level CDL is then defined as: CDL=NS ? CDL.

The validity of CDL as a difficulty index of a test item, has been verified in the case of teaching basic electronics at the high‐school level (tenth and eleventh grades): a decrease has been obtained in students' achievement scores with an increase in the CDL value. Two types of student populations have been involved in the study: high and low achievers. The findings indicate that at the initial stage of learning a new subject, mainly the content factor (NS) affects the difficulty level of a mental task. After the ‘transient time’ has elapsed, both factors, NS and PST (i.e. CDL) affect the cognitive difficulty level. In the later stages, when the complexity of the material increases, the effect of PST becomes most dominant.     

Probabilistic Approaches to Examining Linguistic Features of Test Items and Their Effect on the Performance of English Language Learners

This article addresses validity and fairness in the testing of English language learners (ELLs)—students in the United States who are developing English as a second language. It discusses limitations of current approaches to examining the linguistic features of items and their effect on the performance of ELL students. The article submits that these limitations stem from the fact that current ELL testing practices are not effective in addressing three basic notions on the nature of language and the linguistic features of test items: (a) language is a probabilistic phenomenon, (b) the linguistic features of test items are multidimensional and interconnected, and (c) each test item has a unique set of linguistic affordances and constraints. Along with the limitations of current testing practices, for each notion, the article discusses evidence of the effectiveness of several probabilistic approaches to examining the linguistic features of test items in ELL testing.     

论高考英语写作试题及其发展方向

本文简要回顾了高考英语写作试题的发展过程,讨论了几种常见题型的特点和问题,分析了书面表达题命题所面对的矛盾,提出高考英语写作试题应体现英语写作的基本规律,强调语篇能力,考查跨文化能力,尽可能多地涉及与高校学习相关的写作能力,对写作技能的覆盖面应尽量广,应有多种写作任务供考生选择。     

A Process for Reviewing and Evaluating Generated Test Items

Testing organization needs large numbers of high‐quality items due to the proliferation of alternative test administration methods and modern test designs. But the current demand for items far exceeds the supply. Test items, as they are currently written, evoke a process that is both time‐consuming and expensive because each item is written, edited, and reviewed by a subject‐matter expert. One promising approach that may address this challenge is with automatic item generation. Automatic item generation combines cognitive and psychometric modeling practices to guide the production of items that are generated with the aid of computer technology. The purpose of this study is to describe and illustrate a process that can be used to review and evaluate the quality of the generated item by focusing on the content and logic specified within the item generation procedure. We illustrate our process using an item development example from mathematics drawn from the Common Core State Standards and from surgical education drawn from the health sciences domain.     

高职生学习动机、自我概念与学习成绩的关系研究

利用相关量表对高职生的学习动机、学业自我概念和自我概念进行测量统计分析,探讨研究了高职生自我概念、学业自我概念和学习动机与学业成绩的关系,并对学习动机、自我概念对学业成绩的影响进行了探讨。     

智障学生注意品质测试及对比分析研究

智障学生的注意特征是心理学领域具有重要理论与应用价值的研究课题之一.针对智障学生注意品质研究在理论及方法上存在的不足,借鉴认知心理学反应转换及双重任务等研究模式,利用自行研制的注意品质测试系统,以普通学生为对照,对智障学生注意缺失进行了实验研究,初步探讨了智障学生注意缺失的心理生理机制.研究结果显示:与普通学生相比,智障学生在注意的四个维度上均有非常大的缺失.     

PISA非连续性文本阅读题对中高考同类试题设计的启示

中高考语文试卷中的“图文组合材料”题是常见的非连续性文本阅读题,这类试题的命题思路和命题技术已相对成熟,但也存在明显不足。本文以PISA阅读测试和中高考卷中的非连续性文本阅读题为例,剖析其异同,探讨PISA试题对中高考非连续性文本阅读题设计的启示。     

英语学习动机、自我监控与学习效果的相关研究

经对少数民族大学生英语学习动机、自我监控学习行为与成绩间的关系进行调查研究,结果证明：(1)有较强的英语学习动机,持内在型动机的学生多于持外在型动机的学生。(2)学生在英语学习过程中自我监控学习手段运用不够。(3)学习动机与效果间的关系不直接;自我监控手段的运用直接影响学习效果;动机水平高则促进自我监控手段的运用。有效的自我监控又促进动机的维持。     

Third-year College Retention and Transfer: Effects of Academic Performance, Motivation, and Social Connectedness

We studied the effects of academic performance, motivation, and social connectedness on third-year retention, transfer, and dropout behavior. To accommodate the three outcome categories and nesting of data within institutions, we fit a hierarchical multinomial logistic regression path model with first-year academic performance as a mediating effect. Our sample included 6,872 students representing 23 four-year universities and colleges. This work expands the current state of persistence research by (1) considering the effects of motivation and social connectedness on college persistence beyond the first year of college, (2) testing whether the effects of motivation and social connectedness on third-year retention and transfer are direct, indirect, or both, and (3) testing whether the effects of academic performance, motivation, and social connectedness are different for retention and transfer. We found that academic performance has large effects on likelihood of retention and transfer; academic self-discipline, pre-college academic performance, and pre-college educational development have indirect effects on retention and transfer; and college commitment and social connectedness have direct effects on retention. Academic self-discipline led to greater first-year academic performance, which suppressed its effect on retention and transfer. Practical and theoretical implications of these findings and directions for future research are discussed. A previous version of this paper was presented at the 2nd Annual National Symposium on Student Retention, Albuquerque, New Mexico, October 2006.