学习伦理:教育伦理学研究的新领域

关注学习的道德维度,探讨学习的价值规范问题,是教学论和教育伦理学研究的核心议题。开展学习伦理研究具有重要的现实意义、理论意义和时代价值,它既是教学伦理研究的重要拓展,又是落实立德树人教育根本任务的重要抓手。基于教育实践探索视角、学科理论研究视角的考察,是开展学习伦理研究的基础和前提。深化学习伦理研究,需要从拓展研究视野...     

Perceptions of Business Students' Feature Requirements in Educational Web Sites

There is paucity of original research that explains phenomena related to content organization and site design of educational Web sites. Educational Web sites are often used to provide Web‐based instruction, which itself is a relatively recent phenomenon for business schools, and additional research is needed in this area. Educational Web sites are designed with a different set of criteria as compared with other sites, such as those having an e‐commerce or marketing focus. More research is needed to build a theoretical foundation for feature requirements in educational Web sites. As in any new approach to teaching and learning, critical issues need to be examined before Web‐based instruction is fully integrated into teaching processes. When developing educational Web sites, features that support pedagogy should be given primary consideration. It is therefore important to identify key elements that will have maximum impact on learning. Using Q‐sort analysis (a type of Factor Analysis), this study investigated feature requirements of educational Web sites as perceived by business students. Based on the analysis of user requirements in relation to several variables that were identified from a review of literature, group characteristics emerged from students' responses. Similarities and differences between groups were investigated, and implications of these results for development of educational Web sites are presented in this study.     

If all you have is a hammer,everything begins to look like a nail – how wicked is the problem of measuring productivity in higher education?

This paper addresses the wicked problem of measuring the productivity of learning and teaching in higher education. We show how fundamental validity issues and difficulties identified in educational productivity research point to the need for a qualitatively different framework when considering the entire question. We describe the work that needs to be done to reshape the way learning and teaching productivity is determined and show what a university needs to know and do about its approach to learning and teaching in order to understand quality and productivity. We also examine whether educational work is in fact ‘wicked’, as has been supposed. The concept of an Emergent Feedback Organization (EFO) is introduced along with the six things an organization needs to do to become an EFO capable of making a valid and reliable determination of productivity.     

Learning study as a clinical research practice to generate knowledge about the learning of historical primary source analysis

There is a demand for educational research that addresses questions found in teachers’ practice. This line of research can be referred to as practitioner research, and it is motivated by the realisation that teacher professionalism is one of the most influential factors in determining student achievement. One question is whether the primary purpose of practitioner research should be to improve teaching practices, or to contribute to theoretical knowledge. Some argue that the primary concern should be contributions to changing practices, whereas others suggest that contributions to theory are equally important. The purpose of the article is to discuss how Learning study, regarded as a clinical research practice, can contribute to developing teaching practices and theory of history didactics in conjunction. Learning study is commonly described as an interventionist, iterative and collaborative research approach, focusing on the teaching of an object of learning, which in this case was the learning of primary source analysis in history. Examples of how the Learning study contributed to practice and theory are presented. Contributions include the suggestion that knowing primary source analysis involves the ability to distinguish and separate three critical aspects in a temporal, human and contextual dimension, and that the students’ personal perspectives are vital and should be regarded in the design of tasks and teaching. Based on the findings it is argued that practitioner research could aim at developing educational practices in conjunction with contributions to theory, and that practice and theory are necessarily entwined in the research process.     

远程教育管理案例教学模式研究与应用

"自主协作、虚实结合"的远程教育管理案例教学模式是在充分调研远程教育学生学习需求,全面分析当前远程教育及案例教学现状,在自主学习理论、合作学习理论与行为激励理论等指导下不断探索并逐步完善形成的,重点解决远程教育管理案例教学的学生学习方式、学习激励机制、教学环节、过程监控、教学主体间流程、案例及案例库建设等问题,形成了以"案例教学组织标准化与案例学习个性化相融合,案例学习过程的考核与过程的激励相协同"的特色。教学模式在应用于专业实践教学、课程教学与其他案例教学比赛活动中效果明显,学生积极性主动性增强,教学质量得到提升,教学组织效率有所提高。     

Facilitating change to a problem-based model

This paper discusses barriers which arise during the change process from a traditional educational system to a problem-based educational model. The characteristics of a problem-based learning model are presented in order to provide a framework for discussion of the scope of these issues. Then the findings of a research study, which examined an actual transition from a traditional model to a problem-based learning model, are introduced and discussed. In spite of an extensive staff development programme to introduce teachers to the new model, some unforseen issues arose. Some of these were to do with the nature of teaching in the new model, for example, the requirements of project supervision as the new form of teaching, which was quickly brought into focus by teachers involved in the transition. Other issues were to do with the retention, in this particular example of problem-based learning, of forms of teaching which appeared similar to traditional teaching, namely lectures. The findings suggested that it was very important to 'rethink' known teaching methods such as traditional lecturing, because teachers have to reselect the content of courses if the number of lectures is substantially reduced. Furthermore, the results of the study indicate that the importance of the change processes at the educational model level focus on the individual, culture and the organization. For faculty and academic developers this means that they have to facilitate all three levels which is a comprehensive challenge and requires a high level of competency.     

学习科学:研究的重要问题及其方法论

自20世纪后半叶以来,不同学科背景的研究者将基础研究与教育实践相结合,直面人类的学习问题,探究人类思维和学习的过程,设计新的学习情境,提出新的理论和方法论,催生了学习的新科学。学习科学是指面向复杂的真实世界需要的"整合"科学,涉及认知科学、神经科学、教育心理学、计算机科学、人类学、社会学等多元领域,它不仅发展了学习理论,而且对教授科学也做出了贡献。通过围绕知识的本质、学习的实质、学习的方式与形式、以学习为中心设计、学习环境及其支持、学习效果的评价等方面,来探讨学习科学研究的重要问题及学科方法论,进而对其未来研究的发展趋势做出预测。     

技术助力教师教育视频资源的典型应用问题与发展趋势

视频作为一种教育数字媒体,一直以来都是教育技术学研究的重要领域。视频运用于教师教育的发展经历了微格教学、交互分析、建模专家教学、基于视频案例的研究、超媒体项目5个阶段。每个阶段的发展都基于教学理论的发展与进步,而且在不同阶段视频资源的教育应用是并行兼用的。基于＂跨越式优秀课例资源网＂的调研发现,当前视频资源的教育应用存在视频内容粗加工、视频支持技术单薄和视频资源应用范畴有限三大典型问题,不利于教师教育的持续发展和学科领域的深入发展。在互联网技术和数字设备广泛普及的信息时代,技术的助力为视频资源的教育创新应用提供了更广泛的空间,也为解决当前存在的问题提供了可能途径。回顾和审视当前国内外有关教育视频资源开发与应用的技术及项目,可以发现,教育视频资源应从内容开发、活动设计、交互技术、语义技术、应用机制5个方面进行纵深发展,从而实现教师的深度有效学习和个性化协作学习,并促进教育视频研究的螺旋式发展。     

Teacher education and educational self-direction: A conceptual analysis and empirical investigation

The purpose of this paper is to examine the concept of educational self-direction in teacher education, an educational environment that encourages the use of initiative, thought and independent judgment in learning. First, this concept is examined conceptually. The theory and research on occupational self-direction is summarized, and the relevance of this work to education settings is analyzed. Second, the concept is examined empirically. The development of an instrument to assess educational self-direction is documented. Data from two separate studies indicated that the questionnaire was reliable (alpha values from 0.63 to 0.84), and valid. Finally, implications of this work for research on teacher education are considered.     

Fostering geospatial thinking in science education through a customisable smartphone application

Enhanced capabilities of modern smartphones offer the potential to design tools that support new forms of teaching and learning. Increased access to mobile‐networked environments and geospatial systems provide opportunities for developing new educational experiences that support a geospatial approach to science, fostering new ways of thinking about science. However, designing effective innovative educational mobile applications remains a challenge. Applications need to be accessible to teachers that are not tech‐savvy as well as those that are, foster active learning pedagogies, enable flexible and creative use, as well as fit within the curriculum. This paper describes a smartphone application developed together with pre‐service science teachers, designed to be customisable by teachers while supporting a geospatial approach to science education. The design process and trial illustrate application use, how it supports a geospatial approach to science education and raises issues around mobile technologies, teacher pedagogies and adoption.     

How teaching influences learning: Implications for educational researchers,teachers, teacher educators and policy makers

This article is a tribute to Graham Nuthall's contribution to classroom research from his early experimental studies through to his recent work on theory integration. It also explains the potential of the methodology, findings and theory building in our collaborative work to make a substantial positive difference for diverse students. The article explains the significance of, and need for, research linking learning to teaching processes (a scientific realist approach to putting ‘process’, socio-cultural context and theory building into a new process–product paradigm). Findings of student outcomes contrary to educational goals (for example, teaching designed to enhance appreciation of cultural differences triggering racist abuse) signal the importance of research that explains the impact of teaching on learner outcomes. The article also foreshadows the implications of the work that Graham and I did for teaching, teacher education, research and educational policy. The article concludes with Graham's view that the most important contribution his work would make, would be to initial teacher education.     

Kolb学习模式及其在英语教学中的运用

在英语教学中 ,Kolb模式在选择和组织教学材料方面 ,在使用媒体作为教学辅助手段以激发学生对知识领域的认知和情感方面 ,以及在使用经验学习模式方面有着特殊的价值。Kolb把“具体—抽象”、“主动—思考”这两个认知发展过程融为一体。Kolb模式概括了学习过程的四个阶段 :具体经历、思维观察、抽象概念和主动实践。这种模式常见于四分学习法中。Kolb模式易于直接从模式运用于课堂 ,因此它在教学实践和教育研究中具有重要意义     

课程论的“大”字情结与教学论的职责坚守

课程论的＂大＂字情结先后经历了从教学论析出独立,与教学论齐头并置,试图涵盖教学并与教育同义三个历史发展阶段。其立论基础是教学观中的生本说,生本说中的学习论,学习论中的材料学,进而以广义材料学来自我证成并逻辑自洽。这一立论基础不仅致使其在理论认知上存在多因化约一因、静态涵盖动态、主动演化被动等问题,也致使其在实践上导致教师能动性降低,教材结构性削弱,学生学习混乱性加剧,学科发展无序性增强等问题。为此,应当再度审视作为活动的教学与作为学科的教学论的本份与职责坚守,重申教学活动构成的教师、学生、课程三个基本要素,共立教学语义构成的教、学两维界定,析明教学论学科构成的教导论、承习论、课程论三类研究,并将课程锁定在静态层面、将教师锁定在动态层面、将学生锁定在动静交构的双向互动层面。     

论混合学习设计的适配原则和定位策略

目前有关混合学习的理论及模式研究比较丰富,但普遍存在三个问题:一是把混合学习设定为几种具体的混合方式,二是把混合学习与混合教学混为一谈,三是在如何"混合"上缺乏操作原则和定位策略.针对这些问题,本文重新讨论了混合学习的定义;提出混合学习的混合不是随意的.而是基于一定的适配原则设计出来的,如适配学习者、适配学习内容、适配学习过程和适配学习情境;认为混合学习设计需要将多种学习要素进行有机混合,遵循两个定位策略,即树立结构化的定位思路和形成模式化的定位目标.     

建构主义理论下的“两课”教学改革

高校的“两课”教学,承担着对大学生进行系统的马克思主义理论教育的任务,但有相当比例的学生对这样的政治理论课缺乏主动学习的兴趣,造成现在两课教学普遍不满意的尴尬现状。要想让“两课”教学更有成效,其核心是必须改变教育观念,确立学生在学习中的主体性地位。在教学过程中,要构建以学生为主体的学习环境,引导学生自己主动地解决问题而不是一味地“灌输”;在内容选择上有目的地用一些贴近实际的、贴近学生的事例,深入探讨学生普遍关心的重大理论和现实问题来调动学生学习的热情;在教学方法和手段的使用上,采用易于把抽象的理论具体化的直观的和协作的教学方法,培养学生的竞争协作意识。     

教学研究的技术转向及对教育技术学的启示

教学研究的技术转向不仅指教学研究中技术问题的显性化,更是指教学研究中技术思维的意识形态化,最终将会引起教学研究的范式变迁。长期以来,由于理论传统对技术的排斥、技术本身的自我隐蔽,以及人们对物质技术的偏爱,使得技术主题在教育理论中一直处于历史性缺席状态。现代教学技术尤其是信息技术变革了传统教育理论赖以成立的基础,为教学研究的技术转向提供了实践基础。而学习科学凭借其跨学科与综合研究、以设计研究为研究方法论的优势迅速崛起,为技术走进教学研究指明了可行之路。教育技术学作为教育学科中最具活力的学科,将成为教育学研究技术问题最为可靠的倚重者。教育技术学应在培育技术时代的教育哲学与建设教育的临床学两个方面做出建树,因为技术时代的教育哲学将为教育变革提供理论的指引,而教育临床学又为技术思维在教育中的应用提供了入口。教育技术学可以借此逐步提升自己在教育学中的学科地位。     

建构主义学习理论在初中化学教学中的应用

先进的教育理念是随着教育工作的具体实践,并结合原有的教育理论,不断产生和发展的。在新的教育背景下,教师应该转变自身的教学方式,学生的学习应当是自主建构的过程,而不仅仅是理解与接受教师所讲知识的过程。建构主义学习理论的应用对教师认识到学生学习方式的转变与学生自身的学习需要有非常大的帮助,教师应当在该理论的指导下完善自身的教学设计,本文主要对此进行简要分析。     

小组探究学习在英语教学中的应用研究

探究学习是一种以自主探究和小组合作探究为主要形式的教学理论与策略体系,探究学习方式打破了传统的被动的接受式学习方式的局限性。以建构主义学习理论为指导,通过教学实践和调查研究,分析了探究学习在英语教学中的意义、存在困难及教师的指导作用等问题,为以后在英语教学中进一步研究和运用小组探究学习作出了铺垫。     

Case Study as a Constructivist Pedagogy for Teaching Educational Psychology

Recent interest and inquiry into constructivism, pedagogical content knowledge, and case study methodology are influencing the content and goals of educational psychology in teacher preparation. The reasons seem clear: The content of educational psychology lends itself to authentic, active, and pragmatic applications of theory to school practices, as well as to investigations of a variety of educational issues, perspectives, and contexts which can be viewed through case study, a constructivist problem-based approach to learning. Widely-used educational psychology texts are including constructivism as a cognitive alternative to behaviorist and information processing views of teaching and learning. Concurrently, case studies are being integrated in educational psychology texts, and a myriad of case texts have appeared with application to educational psychology courses. This article considers the decisions, benefits, and difficulties in teaching educational psychology through a constructivist case study approach.     

‘This is the best lesson ever,Miss…’: Disrupting Linear Logics of Visual Arts Teaching Practice

Research in visual arts education is often focused on philosophical issues or broad concerns related to approaches to curriculum. In focusing on the everyday work of teaching, this article addresses a gap in the literature to report on collaborative research exploring the experiences of secondary visual arts teachers in regional New South Wales, Australia. Drawing on qualitative data gathered through a process of educational connoisseurship and educational criticism, discussion focuses on visual arts teaching as a particular professional practice that is complex, intricate, emergent and adaptive. In drawing on themes emerging from the research, examples of unplanned aspects of teachers’ work that disrupt linear logics about teaching practice are examined. The article concludes by raising issues for further consideration and research.