埃克塞特书谜语中的博物学

自18世纪以来,中世纪早期流传下来的"埃克塞特书"受到学者们的广泛关注,书中谜语更是引起热烈讨论。谜语惯用隐喻、拟人、对偶冲突等手法,具有模糊、晦涩的特点,通常不被视为严肃的知识形态,谜语史也极少受到科学史界关注。实际上,埃克塞特书中的谜语包含丰富的博物学知识,分析其中的谜语既能了解中世纪博物学的特点,也能一瞥中世纪人与自然的关系。     

The emergence of ecology from natural history

The modern discipline of biology was formed in the 20th century from roots deep in the natural-history tradition, which dates from Aristotle. Not surprisingly, therefore, ecology can also be traced to natural history, especially its 19th-century tradition emphasizing the adaptive nature of organisms to their environment. During the 20th century, ecology has developed and matured from pioneering work on successional stages to mathematically rich work on ecosystem energetics. By the end of the century, ecology has made a return to its natural-history heritage, emphasizing the importance of the integrity of ecosystems in considering human interactions with the environment.     

The new production of legitimacy: STI policy discourses beyond the contract metaphor

Science, technology and innovation (STI) policy is borne by a set of historically contingent concepts, models, and metaphors. From around 1950 to 1980, its language was dominated by the contract metaphor and the linear model of innovation, both of which have catered for beliefs in stability, orderliness, and distinct social roles for scientists and policymakers. While prominent new models of the 1990s (mode 2, post-normal science, triple helix) had challenged the old contract metaphor, they remained experts’ brainchildren. After 2000, in contrast, we observe the emergence and pluralization of several new and powerful concepts. Building on conceptual history and cognitive linguistics, we analyze three of these new concepts: “frontier research,” “grand challenges,” and “responsible research and innovation” (RRI). Whereas the “frontier” and “grand challenges” convey many layered historical meanings, a distinct metaphorical appeal, and have become popularized beyond expert’s communities, the RRI discourse, though the most ambitious one, has not yet shaken off its roots in the bureaucratic structures of the European Commission. Finally, we discuss which conceptual and metaphorical properties enable the career of STI policy discourses in the 21st century.     

Influence of microorganisms on the environmental fate of radionuclides

Microorganisms have a significant influence on the environmental fate of radionuclides in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems with a multiplicity of physico-chemical and biological mechanisms effecting changes in mobility and speciation. Physico-chemical mechanisms of removal include association with extracellular materials, metabolites and cell walls which are features of living and dead organisms. In living cells, some physico-chemical processes are reversible, influenced by metabolism and changing environmental conditions. Metabolism-dependent mechanisms of radionuclide immobilization include sulphide precipitation, transport and intracellular compartmentation and/or sequestration by proteins and peptides. In addition, chemical reduction to less soluble forms can result in immobilization. Microbial processes involved in radionuclide solubilization include autotrophic and heterotrophic leaching, and complexation by siderophores and other metabolites. Such mechanisms are important components of biogeochemical cycles for radionuclides and should be considered in any analyses of environmental radionuclide contamination. In addition, several microorganism-based biotechnologies are receiving interest as potential treatment methods.     

论 I.A.理查兹的隐喻相互作用观

I．A．理查兹在意义语境准则的基础上提出了隐喻相互作用观。理查兹认为语词不是自足的意义载体,因而隐喻不是语词层面的偏离和替代,而是语句层面所喻和能喻相互作用的结果。理查兹的相互作用观使得隐喻摆脱了传统修辞学的束缚,肯定了隐喻的非修饰性、不可转释性及其在科学和哲学话语中的普遍存在。理查兹认为隐喻研究的目的不是准确揭示隐喻的运作机制,而是提高人们运用隐喻的能力。他为隐喻研究所提出的诸种戒律具有重要的警示作用。     

Towards automatic conceptual metaphor detection for psychological tasks

Conceptual metaphor detection is a well-researched topic in Natural Language Processing. At the same time, conceptual metaphor use analysis produces unique insight into individual psychological processes and characteristics, as demonstrated by research in cognitive psychology. Despite the fact that state-of-the-art language models allow for highly effective automatic detection of conceptual metaphor in benchmark datasets, the models have never been applied to psychological tasks. The benchmark datasets differ a lot from experimental texts recorded or produced in a psychological setting, in their domain, genre, and the scope of metaphoric expressions covered.We present the first experiment to apply NLP metaphor detection methods to a psychological task, specifically, analyzing individual differences. For that, we annotate MetPersonality, a dataset of Russian texts written in a psychological experiment setting, with conceptual metaphor. With a widely used conceptual metaphor annotation procedure, we obtain low annotation quality, which arises from the dataset characteristics uncommon in typical automatic metaphor detection tasks. We suggest a novel conceptual metaphor annotation procedure to mitigate issues in annotation quality, increasing the inter-annotator agreement to a moderately high level. We leverage the annotated dataset and existing metaphor datasets in Russian to select, train and evaluate state-of-the-art metaphor detection models, obtaining acceptable results in the metaphor detection task. In turn, the most effective model is used to detect conceptual metaphor automatically in RusPersonality, a larger dataset containing meta-information on psychological traits of the participant authors. Finally, we analyze correlations of automatically detected metaphor use with psychological traits encoded in the Freiburg Personality Inventory (FPI).Our pioneering work on automatically-detected metaphor use and individual differences demonstrates the possibility of unprecedented large-scale research on the relation between of metaphor use and personality traits and dispositions, cognitive and emotional processing.     

Microfluidic device for studying cell migration in single or co-existing chemical gradients and electric fields

Cell migration is involved in physiological processes such as wound healing, host defense, and cancer metastasis. The movement of various cell types can be directed by chemical gradients (i.e., chemotaxis). In addition to chemotaxis, many cell types can respond to direct current electric fields (dcEF) by migrating to either the cathode or the anode of the field (i.e., electrotaxis). In tissues, physiological chemical gradients and dcEF can potentially co-exist and the two guiding mechanisms may direct cell migration in a coordinated manner. Recently, microfluidic devices that can precisely configure chemical gradients or dcEF have been increasingly developed and used for chemotaxis and electrotaxis studies. However, a microfluidic device that can configure controlled co-existing chemical gradients and dcEF that would allow quantitative cell migration analysis in complex electrochemical guiding environments is not available. In this study, we developed a polydimethylsiloxane-based microfluidic device that can generate better controlled single or co-existing chemical gradients and dcEF. Using this device, we showed chemotactic migration of T cells toward a chemokine CCL19 gradient or electrotactic migration toward the cathode of an applied dcEF. Furthermore, T cells migrated more strongly toward the cathode of a dcEF in the presence of a competing CCL19 gradient, suggesting the higher electrotactic attraction. Taken together, the developed microfluidic device offers a new experimental tool for studying chemical and electrical guidance for cell migration, and our current results with T cells provide interesting new insights of immune cell migration in complex guiding environments.     

热休克蛋白的研究进展及其应用

在不利的环境中，各种有机体都有其共同对应的分子反应，即正常基因的表达抑制和一组特殊基因－热休克基因的激活和表达，并导致热休克蛋白的大量产生。热休克蛋白主要作为分了伴侣而参与蛋白的折叠、转运及组装等过程，并能恢复或加速清除细胞内已变性的蛋白质而稳定细胞结构，使细胞产生热耐受。随着对热休克蛋白研究的不断深入，其在生物工程、医学和遗传育种等方面的应用前景十分广阔。     

生物医用材料现状及发展建议

随着经济的快速发展和人民生活水平的提高,生物医用材料以每年超过20%的速度快速发展,并有望逐步成为21世纪世界经济的支柱产业之一。具有生物活性和降解性的第三代生物医用材料有助于解决大段组织与器官缺损的临床难题,是未来医用材料研究发展的方向。因此,为了寻找和开发新型生物医用材料,新的化学合成和表面改性方法以及材料对细胞和组织再生的作用机制成为生物医用材料研究的热点。近年来,我国在生物医用材料基础研究方面已经取得了一些新进展,但如何进一步提高研究水平,加速医用材料产业化是关系到我国生物医用材料和医疗器械产业发展亟待解决的关键问题。     

Bacterial chemotaxis: molecular biology of a sensory system

All cells respond to chemical stimuli and the nature of the mechanisms involved is thus very important. This article reviews the response of one of the simplest organisms, Escherichia coli, to chemical stimulation, as evidenced by the effect on flagellar movements. Even this elementary sensory-response system involves almost 50 gene products.     

Correlation between cell migration and reactive oxygen species under electric field stimulation

Cell migration is an essential process involved in the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms. Electric fields (EFs) are one of the many physical and chemical factors known to affect cell migration, a phenomenon termed electrotaxis or galvanotaxis. In this paper, a microfluidics chip was developed to study the migration of cells under different electrical and chemical stimuli. This chip is capable of providing four different strengths of EFs in combination with two different chemicals via one simple set of agar salt bridges and Ag/AgCl electrodes. NIH 3T3 fibroblasts were seeded inside this chip to study their migration and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in response to different EF strengths and the presence of β-lapachone. We found that both the EF and β-lapachone level increased the cell migration rate and the production of ROS in an EF-strength-dependent manner. A strong linear correlation between the cell migration rate and the amount of intracellular ROS suggests that ROS are an intermediate product by which EF and β-lapachone enhance cell migration. Moreover, an anti-oxidant, α-tocopherol, was found to quench the production of ROS, resulting in a decrease in the migration rate.     

Taxonomy and why history of science matters for science: a case study

The history of science often has difficulty connecting with science at the lab-bench level, raising questions about the value of history of science for science. This essay offers a case study from taxonomy in which lessons learned about particular failings of numerical taxonomy (phenetics) in the second half of the twentieth century bear on the new movement toward DNA barcoding. In particular, it argues that an unwillingness to deal with messy theoretical questions in both cases leads to important problems in the theory and practice of identifying taxa. This argument makes use of scientific and historical considerations in a way that the authors hope leads to convincing conclusions about the history of taxonomy as well as about its present practice.     

合成我们的未来

化学是现代科学的中心,而合成化学又在化学中起着基础和中心的作用。100多年来,合成化学为社会进步做出了巨大贡献,合成物质和合成材料极大地影响和改变了人类的生活。21世纪,合成化学将继续发挥强大的创造力,不断深化学科内涵并拓展与其他领域包括材料科学、生命科学等的交叉与融合。绿色过程将成为合成化学的主题,未来合成化学不仅要为解决现有的和预期的全球性的资源、能源、环境、材料以及食物和健康等一系列问题做出新的贡献,而且有责任改变其在公众中的负面印象。     

英文报刊新闻标题中的名词化隐喻分析

名词化隐喻的使用一直被看作科技语篇的一个主要特点,然而新闻标题中的名词化也是一个不容忽视的现象。本文以《洛杉矶时报》、《华盛顿邮报》等报刊新闻为例,以韩礼德的名词化隐喻理论为依据,分析了报刊新闻标题中的名词化现象。名词化作为构建概念语法隐喻的最有力的手段,对实现新闻标题所要求的简洁凝练、客观公正,以及新闻报道间的语篇衔接都起到重要作用。     

Photogenerated-hole-induced rapid elimination of solid tumors by the supramolecular porphyrin photocatalyst

The rapid, complete, targeted and safe treatment for tumors remains a key issue in cancer therapy. A novel treatment of solid tumors by supramolecular photocatalyst Nano-SA-TCPP with the irradiation of 600–700 nm wavelength is established. Solid tumors (100 mm³) can be eliminated within 10 min. The 50-day mouse survival rate was increased from 0% to 100% after the photocatalytic therapy. The breakthrough was owing to the cell membrane rupture and the cytoplasmic loss caused by photogenerated holes inside cancer cells. The porphyrin-based photocatalysts can be internalized in a targeted manner by cancer cells due to the size selection effect, without entering the normal cells. The therapy has no toxicity or side effects for normal cells and organisms. Moreover, the photocatalytic therapy is effective for a variety of cancer cell lines. Because of its high efficiency, safety and universality, the photocatalytic therapy provides us with a new lancet to conquer the tumor.     

On Media Concentration and the Diversity Question

Abstract

Corporate mergers and the consolidation of ownership in the American communications arena have long been sources of concern. U.S. regulatory and antitrust policy traditionally attempted to secure a “diversity of voices” structurally, largely through rules regarding ownership. Although the meaning of diversity was always problematic and undertheorized, the Federal Communications Commission long set ceilings on the numbers of broadcast outlets any single person or corporation could own and enacted cross-ownership rules such as a prohibition against a corporation owning a newspaper and broadcast outlets in the same market. These rules, and the FCC's authority to make them, were upheld, occasionally even compelled, by the federal appellate courts. In the last 20 years, however, legal trends, in conjunction with political developments, have undermined the diversity rationales behind ownership rules and associated structural regulations of mass media. Paradoxically, even as media corporations are becoming larger and presumably more powerful, ownership regulations are being rescinded or struck down. This article explains this history. It concludes with a suggestion that the First Amendment metaphor of a marketplace of ideas is misplaced, and of how our thinking about media ownership and diversity might be better served by the metaphor of a mixed media system.     

Chemistry as the defining science: discipline and training in nineteenth-century chemical laboratories

The institutional revolution has become a major landmark of late-nineteenth century science, marking the rapid construction of large, institutional laboratories which transformed scientific training and practice. Although it has served historians of physics well, the institutional revolution has proved much more contentious in the case of chemistry. I use published sources, mainly written by chemists and largely focused on laboratories built in German-speaking lands between about 1865 and 1900, to show that chemical laboratory design was inextricably linked to productive practice, large-scale pedagogy and disciplinary management. I argue that effective management of the novel risks inherent in teaching and doing organic synthesis was significant in driving and shaping the construction of late-nineteenth century institutional chemical laboratories, and that these laboratories were essential to the disciplinary development of chemistry. Seen in this way, the laboratory necessarily becomes part of the material culture of late-nineteenth century chemistry, and I show how this view leads not only to a revision of what is usually known as the laboratory revolution in chemistry but also to a new interpretation of the institutional revolution in physics.     

认知角度下女性用品广告的隐喻分析

本文重点探讨隐喻在女性用品广告中的类型和功能,发现此类广告中的隐喻具有其自身的特点,在广告语篇中起着重要作用。它可以帮助了解、联想新产品,最终达到说服受众的目的。     

On Media Concentration and the Diversity Question

Corporate mergers and the consolidation of ownership in the American communications arena have long been sources of concern. U.S. regulatory and antitrust policy traditionally attempted to secure a “diversity of voices” structurally, largely through rules regarding ownership. Although the meaning of diversity was always problematic and undertheorized, the Federal Communications Commission long set ceilings on the numbers of broadcast outlets any single person or corporation could own and enacted cross-ownership rules such as a prohibition against a corporation owning a newspaper and broadcast outlets in the same market. These rules, and the FCC's authority to make them, were upheld, occasionally even compelled, by the federal appellate courts. In the last 20 years, however, legal trends, in conjunction with political developments, have undermined the diversity rationales behind ownership rules and associated structural regulations of mass media. Paradoxically, even as media corporations are becoming larger and presumably more powerful, ownership regulations are being rescinded or struck down. This article explains this history. It concludes with a suggestion that the First Amendment metaphor of a marketplace of ideas is misplaced, and of how our thinking about media ownership and diversity might be better served by the metaphor of a mixed media system.