学前儿童性别概念认知与性别角色发展状况

采用儿童性别概念认知调查问卷与性别角色量表调查了儿童性别概念认知与性别角色发展状况,以便提出有针对性教育策略。结果发现,四～六岁儿童性别同一性认知发展基本处于同一水平;六岁儿童性别稳定性水平均显著高于四岁、五岁儿童,但后者性别稳定性认知水平差异不显著;性别恒常性认知水平年龄差异均显著,从低到高的顺序为四、五、六岁组。四种性别角色类型在学前儿童中已分布,四岁儿童女性化与双性化的比例均在30%左右,五岁儿童双性化比例达到74.32%的峰值,六岁儿童双性化比例逐渐下降为54.65%;男性化比例有所偏低,最高的出现在四岁组20.28%。总的来说,学前儿童的性别概念认知与性别角色类型发展状况均表现出年龄差异,随着年龄的增长,性别特征分化愈加明显。     

Preschool Children's Evolving Conceptions of Badness: A Longitudinal Study

The purpose of this research was to investigate longitudinally preschool children's conceptions of badness. Forty children from the Block and Block study of personality and cognitive development were interviewed at ages 3, 4, and 5 years. When asked to generate things children do that are “bad”, preschoolers predominately generated events entailing negative consequences to others, that is, moral transgressions. They also mentioned events pertaining to conventional violations, emotional expressions, prudential situations, and punishments, but these were comparatively rare. The moral transgressions generated involved physical harm, property violations, and inter- personal trust violations. Physical harm was referred to significantly more often than the latter two moral categories. These findings were stable across the preschool years.     

学前儿童、家长与学前教师角色的历史与现状

从心理学的角度看来,我国学前教育面临的许多困难源自于对学前儿童、家长与学前教师的角色认识不清。本文通过梳理我国学前儿童、家长与学前教师社会角色的历史和现状,为理解目前学前教育遇到的困难提供帮助。研究发现在中国传统社会中,父母,且主要是母亲承担教育和养护的责任,儿童服从父母的管教并尽孝（主要是对母亲）;现代中国教育和养护的责任由父母、祖父母、学前教师共同承担,各主体的角色相较传统社会更具矛盾性。     

Relations between Attachment, Gender, and Behavior with Peers in Preschool

40 4-year-old children and their mothers participated in a study investigating concurrent links between attachment and peer interactions. Security of attachment was assessed in the laboratory from reunion episodes following a 10-min separation. Focal child observations were carried out during indoor free play in preschool. Relations between insecure attachment and peer interactions were different for boys and girls. Insecure boys showed more aggressive, disruptive, assertive, controlling, and attention-seeking behavior than secure children. Insecure girls showed more dependent behavior than secure children but less assertive and controlling behavior, and more positive expressive behavior and compliance. Secure girls and secure boys did not differ significantly. Gender differences in social behavior may be accounted for by a subgroup of children, those classified as insecure, and the same attachment classification may lead to different predictions depending on whether the child is a boy or a girl.     

Are Head Start Effects Sustained? A Longitudinal Follow-up Comparison of Disadvantaged Children Attending Head Start, No Preschool, and Other Preschool Programs

This study investigates the sustained effects into kindergarten and grade 1 of Project Head Start for disadvantaged black children. Participation in generic Head Start programs was compared to both no preschool and other preschool experience for disadvantaged children in two American cities in 1969-1970. Incorporating both pretest/posttest and comparison group information, the study has advantages over other Head Start impact studies. Both preprogram background and cognitive differences were controlled in a covariance analysis design, using dependent measures in the cognitive, verbal, and social domains. Children who attended Head Start maintained educationally substantive gains in general cognitive/analytic ability, especially when compared to children without preschool experience. These effects were not as large as those found immediately following the Head Start intervention. Findings suggest an effect of preschool rather than of Head Start per se. Initial findings of greater effectiveness of Head Start for children of below average initial ability were reduced but not reversed. The diminution of effects over time, especially for low-ability children, may reflect differences in quality of subsequent schooling or home environment.     

对早期教育环境不良儿童的学前干预及追踪研究

对早期教育环境不良儿童进行学前干预,并对他们进入小学后进行追踪观察。结果表明,《儿童早期发展手册》的应用对早期教育环境不良儿童的干预效果是肯定的。学前干预不但提高了儿童认知水平,还使儿童在上小学前作好接受小学教育的心理准备,降低了留级和辍学率。     

A Twin Study of Attachment in Preschool Children

The degree to which individual differences in child-parent attachment were mediated by genetic, shared environmental, and nonshared environmental influences was investigated. One hundred and ten preschool-aged twin pairs (N = 220) were assessed in the Strange Situation and coded using conventional four-way classifications and a continuous measure of attachment security. The degree of sibling similarity in attachment was substantial, with an overall concordance rate of 67% at the secure/insecure level. The degree of concordance was equally high in monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs, 70% and 64%, respectively, suggesting little genetic influence but a moderate degree of discordance. Twin similarity on the continuous measure of attachment security was r(57) = .48 and r(53) = .38 for monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs, respectively, also consistent with a modest role for genetic influence but a significant effect for shared and nonshared environment. The implications for genetic influences on the environment and for understanding nonshared and shared environmental influences are discussed.     

Hierarchical Models of Social Competence in Preschool Children: A Multisite,Multinational Study

The generality of a multilevel factorial model of social competence (SC) for preschool children was tested in a 5‐group, multinational sample (N = 1,540) using confirmatory factor analysis. The model fits the observed data well, and tests constraining paths for measured variables to their respective first‐order factors across samples also fit well. Equivalence of measurement models was found at sample and sex within‐sample levels but not for age within sample. In 2 groups, teachers’ ratings were examined as correlates of SC indicators. Composites of SC indicators were significantly associated with both positive and negative child attributes from the teachers’ ratings. The findings contribute to understanding of both methodological and substantive issues concerning SC in young children.     

幼儿偏差行为的测量及发展特点

本研究采用《幼儿偏差行为问卷》测量了258名幼儿的偏差行为,并分析了幼儿偏差行为的发展特点.结果发现:(1)幼儿偏差行为可分为四类:不遵守规则、多动、冲动和注意力分散.(2)幼儿偏差行为存在性别差异,男孩比女孩更容易表现出偏差行为,并且男孩在不遵守规则、多动、冲动上的得分显著高于女孩.(3)幼儿偏差行为不存在显著的年龄差异.研究者据此提出相应的教育建议,例如教师在引导幼儿改正偏差行为时要意识到幼儿偏差行为存在性别差异,在组织教学活动时宜充分考虑男孩偏差行为的特点,利用男孩的兴趣特点改善他们的偏差行为.     

体力活动、静坐行为与学前儿童体质健康的关系

体力活动和静坐行为是影响儿童早期体质健康的重要因素。本研究以152名学前儿童为被试,使用三轴加速度计测量体力活动和静坐行为,使用儿童型人体成分分析仪测量身体成分,使用《国民体质测定标准(幼儿部分)》测评身体素质,使用相关分析、多元回归分析和等时替代回归分析对它们之间的关系进行探究,结果发现在控制了性别、年龄、城乡、佩戴时间和静坐行为等因素后,中高强度体力活动尤其是高强度体力活动对去脂体重指数和身体素质(十米折返跑、立定跳远、双脚连续跳、走平衡木)依然具有显著影响;高强度体力活动替代其他强度体力活动或不同强度体力活动替代静坐行为后,去脂体重指数均有所提升;身体素质变化仅在高强度体力活动替代其他强度体力活动和静坐行为时具有方向一致性和显著性。家长和教师应充分重视中高强度体力活动尤其是高强度体力活动与学前儿童体质健康的紧密联系,促进学前儿童静坐行为和低强度体力活动向中高强度体力活动适度转化,以提升学前儿童下肢肌肉力量素质和灵敏素质等方面的体质健康水平。     

学前儿童修辞性语言的出现与培养

修辞性语言代表语言运用的高位水平,修辞的运用有利于儿童认知、情感及审美的发展,并能为其社会性发展创造更为有利的情境,应将之作为儿童语言教育目标的重要组成部分。学前儿童已经能够运用真正的修辞性语言,为促进其修辞能力的发展,教师应做到顺应儿童修辞天赋与提供适当刺激的统一,引导儿童分析语言外在形式与感受内在意蕴的统一,鼓励儿童自由使用语言与培养其“择语“意识的统一。     

Explaining the Predictive Accuracy of Teacher Judgments of Their Students' Reading Achievement: The Role of Gender,Classroom Behavior,and Emergent Literacy Skills in a Longitudinal Sample of Children Exposed to Poverty

The factors that explain why teachers are ableto accurately predict their students' futurereading ability were examined in a longitudinalstudy from first- to third-grade in childrenexposed to poverty (N = 170). Teacher ratingswere similarly based on both their students'emergent literacy skills and classroombehavior. Meanwhile, the influences ofclassroom behavior on later variability inreading skills were much less than, and almostcompletely redundant with, prior emergentliteracy. Virtually all of the shared variancebetween teacher ratings and later readingskills was explained by prior levels ofemergent literacy. Implications of the resultsand future research were discussed.     

A Longitudinal Study of High‐Risk Children: Educational Outcomes

DATA FROM the Mother‐Child Project, a longitudinal study of high‐risk children, indicated that the percentage of children referred for school‐based problems was approximately 40% in grades one, two and three. Basically all of the children who were referred were receiving some form of educational services. Similarly, the majority of children achieving below the 25th percentile on a standardized achievement test were receiving special educational services. The reasons some of the low‐achieving students were not receiving services were higher social adjustment, better work habits and a past educational history of success as compared to those low‐achieving students who were receiving services. Greater differences between served and unserved groups were found on historical rather than current measures, which suggests that the chronicity of educational problems had a major impact in determining which students received services. The results suggest that across the large number of schools serving high‐risk children in our sample, excellent decisions were made in terms of who received special educational assistance. There did not appear to be any bias in the referral process or in making the decision of whom to serve. This finding contradicts the results of other investigators in this area. The results from the current investigation indicate that a high proportion of high‐risk children were having difficulty in school. We were encouraged to find, however, that the high‐risk students in need of special assistance were being served.     

3-7岁攻击性儿童的攻击性意图认知和行为预期研究

本研究选择了3—7岁的攻击性儿童和非攻击性儿童各33人,通过实验研究了攻击性儿童和非攻击性儿童的意图认知和行为预期方面的差异。研究结果表明,攻击性儿童容易把别人的行为判断为具有攻击性意图,攻击性儿童的行为预期能力不如非攻击性儿童,他们容易作出攻击性的行为预期。     

学前儿童生命教育课程初探

有关学前儿童生命教育的研究尚处于起步阶段,目前实施学前儿童生命教育面临的最大困难是缺乏一个科学、系统的学前儿童生命教育课程体系。为此,研究者在综合分析国内外相关研究的基础上,尝试建构一个关于学前儿童生命教育课程目标、内容、实施和评价等方面内容的体系。     

智障儿童与普通幼儿情绪调节策略的比较研究

本研究从儿童对情绪调节策略的运用这一角度,对90名8-15岁的智障儿童和90名3-5岁的普通幼儿进行问卷调查,探讨智障儿童和普通幼儿情绪调节策略的异同。结果发现:(1)智障儿童和普通幼儿的情绪调节策略均呈现年龄差异,积极情绪调节策略的运用会随着年龄的增长而显著增多;(2)智障儿童和普通幼儿的情绪调节策略均无显著的性别差异;(3)在引发消极情绪的情景下,3-5岁的普通幼儿比8-15岁的智障儿童更多地使用积极策略,更少使用消极策略;(4)8-15岁的智障儿童较难使用认知重建的情绪调节策略。