基于使用者成本法的黄河三角洲石油资源价值折耗分析

非再生资源自身价值折耗的计算是绿色GDP核算中环境成本的关键部分。本文以黄河三角洲2003年-2008年石油资源开发利用数据为对象,选择在贴现率为0%～6%的情况下,利用使用者成本法计算石油资源的价值折耗,研究发现使用者成本随着年份的增长而增加。并且,使用成本对贴现率的选择比较敏感,随贴现率的增加而减小,其中在贴现率为3%和4%时,2008年黄河三角洲石油资源折耗价值分别约为180亿元和122亿元,为使用者成本账户中较贴近现实的价值折耗数值。在贴现率在为3%～6%的范围内,价值折耗占净收入的比例平均达到30%左右。总体来看,黄河三角洲石油资源枯竭成本巨大,开发利用可持续性降低,并且未从国民财富中扣除,掩盖了经济真实的发展。自然资源可持续发展理念植入贴现率计算成为了不可再生资源合理开发利用的长久之策。     

浅谈我国煤炭资源的利用现状

煤炭资源作为一种不可再生的自然资源,其合理开发利用涉及到国家的百年大计,涉及到国家的长治久安和人民的长久利益。随着我国煤炭地质勘探技术手段、设备、勘探理论方法的快速进展,我们开发利用煤炭资源的能力越来越得心应手了。但是作为一种不可再生资源,我们面临一个资源用尽即不可再恢复的现状,所以怎么科学、合理的利用煤炭资源,怎样可持续的开发煤炭资源,对我们的意义重大。本文就我国煤炭资源开发的主要进展和发展方向进行了浅谈。     

资源开发利用与可持续发展

一、资源开发利用 资源根据其产生时间与使用时间比值的相对大小,分为不可再生资源与可再生资源。不可再生资源主要包括在岩土圈层的物质结构内,例如:矿藏、土壤、土地等。它们的利用必须强调节俭与使用效率,同时根据总量大小确定非耗竭性的开发利用政策。对于可再生资源,主要包括在水圈、大气圈和生物圈层的物质     

浅析煤矿储量管理现存问题及改进举措

作为国家动态监管煤炭资源开发利用工作的最前沿,煤矿储量管理工作一直是国家关注的重点。煤矿储量管理工作直接对煤炭资源开采现场和资源开采结果进行现场管理’为国家煤炭资源管理提供动态数据。当前煤矿储量管理工作存在着诸如资源保护意识淡薄、储量分级不合理、开采工艺限制资源利用率等问题,要想更加充分的利用煤炭资源,降低不可再生资源的浪费,需要从强化保护资源意识、完善管理制度、改进开采工艺和提高开采技术等方面入手,全面提升煤矿储量管理强度,确保煤炭资源的合理开发。     

如何加强燃煤发电节能

充足的能源是我国社会得以快速发展的前提,这是因为社会的快速发展,离不开能源的供应,只有保证充足的能源供应,才能够使社会这部大机器得以正常而又快速的运转。我国的能源结构特点是:多煤,少气,贫油,这使得煤炭资源成为我国能源供应中最主要的组成部分。由于煤炭资源属于不可再生资源,所以应当使煤炭资源在使用过程中的效率得到提升,加强煤炭资源的发电节能。主要论述的是如何加强燃煤的发电节能。     

城市原生污水源热泵系统的工程应用及可行性分析

在城市发展与建设的过程中,需要消耗大量的资源,这些资源如果不能得到高效的利用,将会造成巨大的经济损失。当前,技术人员主要将城市生活中的污水进行回收处理,采用污水源热泵这一手段将污水源转化为热能,极大的节省了煤炭资源的使用率,同时也延长了不可再生资源的使用时间,具有促进城市发展的积极意义。更为重要的是,减少煤炭的燃烧,能够有效的保护我国的生态环境,减少对大气造成的污染,因此在今后的工作中应该广泛的推广,本文论述了污水源热泵系统在实际生活中的应用,希望能够为相关的工作者提供参考。     

非再生能源资源使用者成本:一个新的估计

对使用者成本的准确估算与补偿是非再生能源资源可持续利用的关键.本文对传统的使用者成本法做了两方面修正:一是考虑了资源开采中的耗损问题;二是强调了通货膨胀对使用者成本的影响.采用修正的使用者成本法计算了1985年-2010年中国煤炭、石油天然气等资源的使用者成本.研究发现,现行的资源税费仅能部分补偿使用者成本,煤炭、石油天然气开采中存在严重的跨代负外部性.要完全内部化使用者成本,煤炭的资源税费总额应由从量的9.2元/t提高至42.7元/t,石油天然气的资源税费总额应提高至从价的21.06％.要对矿产资源的税费制度进行配套改革,在不增加矿业企业总体税费负担水平的情况下,提高资源税费的征收标准,以实现对跨代外部成本的充分补偿.     

加强矿井地质工作提高资源回收率

煤炭是工业发展不可或缺的原料之一,作为当前我国工业发展重要的基础能源,合理利用煤炭极为重要。煤炭是一种不可再生资源,且其储存量极为有限,只有有限利用才能发挥煤炭在能源利用中的作用。但是,长期以来,缺乏无节制的利用方式和利用理念会使得煤炭开放利用处于粗放经营的状态。因此,积极探索一条能够合理开发煤炭资源,同时能够有效提高煤炭回收率的利用方式极为重要。因此,本文拟结合煤炭资源的回收现状,通过有效结合分析当前煤矿回采率低的原因,并提出合理、有效的解决方法和改进措施。     

土地资源优化配置新模式研究

我国地域辽阔,土地面积较广,地形较为复杂,如何更好的使现在的土地资源得到合理的利用,最大限度的发挥土地资源的优化配置是当前国土管理部门面临的重要课题。土地资源是不可再生资源,对其合理的开发和利用,充分发挥土地资源的利用价值,科学合理的对土地资源进行优化配置,是土地资源的研究方向。本文通过对国内外土地资源的发展历程进行了详细的介绍,同时对土地资源优化配置的特征进行了具体的阐述,并进一步对今后土地资源在优化配置方面的发展方向进行了展望。     

可耗竭资源价值理论与陕北能源价值补偿的实证研究

本文首先明确了可耗竭资源跨期分配的动态效率标准和代际公平标准,以动态效率标准为原则,通过最优化模型分析,解释了可耗竭资源价格构成的原理。即资源价格理应保含边际直接成本、边际环境成本和边际使用者成本三部分内容,其中边际使用者成本是资源自身价值的体现。然后讨论应当如何借鉴国外经验,对资源开发过程中发生的各项成本进行补偿。最后展开量化分析,采用以代际公平原则为指导的使用者成本法估算2001年至2006年6年间陕北煤炭、石油、天然气资源开发造成的使用者成本大小,分别与各年地方财政收入当中的资源税收入作比较,得出当前价格及税收水平下,陕北能源资源价值损耗远未能得到有效补偿的结论。如此将不利于该地区能源经济的可持续发展。     

Students' Reactions to the Introduction of Videoconferencing for Classroom Instruction

This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors.     

Cooler temperatures inductive to locust outbreaks

Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007.     

Exploring Multiplexity: Social Network Structures in a Computer-Supported Distance Learning Class

A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction.     

Low doses of a red wine ingredient figh diabetes in mice

Aresearch group led by Prof. ZHAI Qiwei from the Institute for Nutritional Sciences under the CAS Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences has discovered that even relatively low doses of resveratrol--a chemical found in the skins of red grapes and in red wine--can improve the sensitivity of mice to the hormone insulin, according to a report in the October,2007 issue of Cell Metabolism. As insulin resistance is often characterized as the most critical factor contributing to the development of Type 2 diabetes, the findings“provide a potential new therapeutic approach for preventing or treating” both conditions, the researchers said.     

The Role of Intermediating Institutions in the Diffusion of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): How Industry Associations Intervened in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong

Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies.     

How Electronic Publishers are Protecting Against Piracy: Doubts About Technical Systems of Protection

The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means.     

Rough Justice: A Statistical Assessment of ICANN's Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy

Long-standing conflict between domain name registrants and trademark holders prompted the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to create a global, mandatory arbitration procedure known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). The UDRP has been used in 2166 cases involving 3938 domain names as of 1 November 2000. The policy gives the initiator of a complaint, generally a trademark holder, the right to choose which ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider (RSP) will handle the case. During the preparation of the UDRP,some feared that complainant selection would lead to "forum shopping" that might bias the results. This article performs a statistical assessment of the forum-shopping thesis and finds support for it. There are statistically significant differences in the various RSPs' propensity to take away names from defendants; there are also major differences in the number of cases brought to each RSP. RSPs who take away names have the larger share of cases. The study examines other variables that might explain differences in market share, such as price, the plaintiff's nationality, or the time taken to decide a case. It finds that nationality and time also are correlated with market share. The study concludes that shopping for a favorable outcome is an important factor in the UDRP.     

Prevalence of soft neurological signs in Chinese people

Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen, a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology, has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology.     

Molecular motor assembly of a biomimetic system

Active biological molecules and functional structures can be fabricated into a bio-mimetic system by using molecular assembly method. Such materials can be used for the drug delivery, disease diagnosis and therapy, and new nanodevice construction.     

Monoculture Rubber Plantations Have Negative Ef ects on Controlling Splash Erosion

<正>In Xishuangbanna,one of China’s most biodiverse regions,landscape has changed dramatically during the past three decades due to the conversion of tropical rainforest to rubber plantations.In steep areas,terraces are often constructed before planting rubber trees,which causes two important changes in the soil:the destabilization of soil in the bench terraces and the increased vulnerability of unvegetated riser faces to erosion.Few studies have documented the nature and intensity of erosion on bench terraces.Prof.LIU Wenjie and his colleagues from the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden(XTBG)conducted a study in Menglun County(21°5′39″N,101°15′55″E),Xishuangbanna to evaluate the influence