Subjektive Theorien von Lehrkräften über ungünstige Faktoren in der Bildungsbiografie von Schülerinnen und Schülern – Wie konstruieren Lehrkräfte den Übergang von der Schule in die Berufsausbildung?

The transition from school to apprenticeship marks a turning point in the life of teenagers because it can affect the course of their professional careers. Currently, this transition appears to be difficult for many older teenagers. Science deals with factors and conditions which contribute to the complication of this transition process. Teachers and their beliefs play an important role in this process but are largely neglected in the literature. Research has shown that there is a dialectic and dynamic interaction between knowledge and action (i.?e. knowledge is the basis for action). Thus, it is important to investigate the knowledge and beliefs of teachers about the transition from school to apprenticeship. It is documented that beliefs of professionals are underdeveloped in some areas in comparison to the epistemic truth status of scientific knowledge. A certain type of teacher develops an independent and creative professional-action strategy based on his/her beliefs.     

Der Wert der Mathematik im Klassenzimmer – Die Bedeutung relevanzbezogener Unterrichtsmerkmale für die Wertüberzeugungen der Schülerinnen und Schüler

The lack of secondary school students’ motivation in mathematics lessons poses a great challenge. According to the Expectancy-Value Model (Eccles et al., Achievement and achievement motives: psychological and sociological approaches, New York, Freeman, S. 75–146, 1983), teacher and classmates influence students’ value beliefs. Using data of 1868 ninth grade students and their 72 math teachers, this study was designed to assess the association of several indicators of relevance-oriented teaching strategies and of perceived classmates’ math valuing with students’ value beliefs in mathematics. Two-level linear regression analyses provided evidence that the student-rated practical focus of math lessons predicted students’ intrinsic, attainment, utility, and cost value mainly at the individual level; student-rated classmates’ math valuing was associated with students’ value perceptions more strongly at the class level. Over the course of six months, these effects increased at the individual but not at the class level. Teacher-reported effort to establish connections between math and other domains was positively associated with students’ attainment and cost value. Teacher-rated use of daily life examples led to a decrease in students’ cost value over the course of six months.     

Erfassung von Schülerselbsteinschätzungen zum schulbezogenen Sozial- und Lernverhalten – Validierung der Schülereinschätzliste für Sozial- und Lernverhalten (SSL)

The Self-Report Checklist for Social and Learning Behaviour (SSL) is a student questionnaire comparable to the Teacher Report Checklist for Social and Learning Behaviour. The SSL assesses ten facets of social and learning behaviour using self-reports by students. The present study of 1267 students aged 9 to 19 years examines the factorial structure, psychometric properties and validity of this questionnaire. The reliabilities (Cronbach’s Alpha, retest) of all ten scales were sufficiently good and the postulated factorial structure was found in exploratory as well as in confirmatory factor analysis. Correlations of SSL-scales with scales of the Differencial Aggression Questionnaire and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire as well as with grades in German and mathematics indicated mainly convergent and divergent validity. Furthermore, positive correlations were found to corresponding teacher ratings.     

Perspektivenübernahme als Kompetenz für den Geschichtsunterricht

This study addresses a competency of students’ historical thinking related to taking perspectives. We start by discussing socio-cognitive theories from psychology as well as approaches from history education that focus on this competency. We also present empirical findings concerning relationships between achievement, self-concept and interest in the subject of history and connect these findings with the competency to take historical perspectives. Our research questions target this relationship between indicators of achievement and motivation in the subject of history, the competency of historical perspective taking and students’ socio-cognitive ability to adopt social perspectives in their everyday lives. These questions are investigated using a cross-sectional design with 375 grammar school students in grades 7 and 10. Results indicate that in grade 7 the competency to take historical perspectives relates to students’ ability to coordinate social perspectives in their everyday lives. For 10th graders, however, the adoption of historical perspectives is closely related to subject-specific variables such as interest for history, self-concept, history grade and achievement in a test of historical knowledge. In the last section of this paper, we discuss challenges that arise when students’ competencies in a subject like history are assessed within the context of standard-based testing. Specifically, we raise the issues of reliability, validity, the context-specificity of measurements, the kinds of response formats used and the formulation of progression models of historical thinking.     

Zukünftige Lehrpersonen und das Medienhandeln von Kindern und Jugendlichen

Kindern und Jugendlichen in der Schule den Erwerb von medienbezogenen Qualifikationen zu erm?glichen, ist in Deutschland seit langem in vielen Richtlinien und Lehrpl?nen als Ziel verankert. Die vorliegende Studie geht im Rahmen einer Pilotstudie an der Universit?t Paderborn der Frage nach, welche Kenntnisse und Annahmen zukünftige Lehrpersonen über das Medienhandeln von Kindern und Jugendlichen, über dessen Einflüsse und über die Aufgaben von Schule im Medienzusammenhang besitzen (N = 173). Die Skalen wurden theorie geleitet auf der Basis eines Modells medienp?dagogischer Kompetenz von Lehrpersonen entwickelt. Die Ergebnisse machen deutlich, dass die Kenntnisse und Annahmen der Lehramtsstudierenden Defizite bzw. Probleme aufweisen, die eine Integration von medienp?dagogischen Lehrangeboten in die Lehrerausbildung notwendig erscheinen lassen.     

International orientierte höhere Schulen in Deutschland – Zwei Varianten von Internationalität im Wechselspiel von Institution und Schülerbiografie

During the last decades, the education system has been marked by distinct processes of internationalisation. In the field of higher education, there are numerous and varied schools with different international profiles. This paper focuses on processes of internationalisation in the German sector of higher education. We contrast two higher secondary schools with international profiles: one international school in a West German metropolitan region with a long tradition and a younger internationally-profiled school located in the periphery of an East German urban centre. This institutional analysis presents school cultural similarities and differences with regard to different claims and concepts of internationality. This analysis is complemented by a reconstruction of three patterns of biographical meaning examining the internationality of pupils and their respective habitual fit to these internationally-profiled schools. We draw on qualitative data, consisting mainly of interviews with head teachers and pupils of these two schools. We argue that these differing regional forms of internationalisation indicate a stratification and hierarchisation in the field of higher education in Germany.     

Stichwort: Soziale Benachteiligung und Bewältigung

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Soziale Unterstützung beim Berufseinstieg ins Lehramt

This study investigates the support that novice teachers receive from their mentors and peers during the teacher induction phase in Germany. It examines the relationship between the support of these two groups and the development of new teachers’ professional competencies. The sample comprises 551 novice teachers in mathematics, who were surveyed twice within one year during their induction period. Results show that both mentors and peers are perceived as providing important support, but that the two groups support different aspects of teaching competencies. Structural equation models indicate that informational and emotional support provided by mentors is associated with an increase in the teachers’ self-efficacy beliefs and a decline in their emotional exhaustion, whereas the support of peers has both positive and negative effects.     

Übereinstimmung,Variabilität und Reliabilität von Schülerurteilen zur Unterrichtsqualität auf Schulebene

Using student ratings to assess instructional quality of schools should fulfill three requirements: (1) an appropriate level of inter-rater agreement within schools, (2) systematic variance of student ratings between schools, (3) an adequate reliability level of aggregated student ratings. Using international PISA-data (2000–2012; 81 countries, over 55,300 schools, over 1.3 million 15-year olds) this study investigated how these requirements were met regarding indicators of instructional quality (classroom management, cognitive activation, individual learning support). We computed the interrater agreement index r_WG(J), as well as the intraclass correlations ICC(1) and ICC(2). Our results showed that (1) student ratings demonstrated a moderate or strong level of agreement for most indicators of instructional quality and (2) instructional quality assessed by students varied systematically between schools. Yet, (3) reliability of aggregated student ratings was not sufficient in many countries. We discuss these results regarding conventions to evaluate agreement, variability, and reliability of student ratings at the school level.     

Soziale Disparit?ten und die ?ffnung des Sekundarschulsystems

Efforts to break the link between the school type attended and the qualification awarded are seen an important step in the modernization of Germany??s tracked secondary school system. However, it remains disputed whether these efforts have reduced social disparities or in fact increased them. This study examined the transition from lower secondary education in academic- and intermediate-track schools to upper secondary education in general and vocational gymnasium schools in the state of Baden-Württemberg. When indicators of parental social background and school-leaving qualifications were controlled, the opening of upper secondary education was found to be associated with a decrease in the social selectivity of upper secondary education for intermediate-track students. At the same time, for those intermediate-track students who were entitled to enter upper secondary education, social background had predictive effects on the transition decision; however, the overall size of these effects was low.     

Zentrale Abschlussprüfungen,Signalwirkung von Abiturnoten und Arbeitsmarkterfolg in Deutschland

The positive association between central exams and student achievement is well documented, but little is known about the long-term effects of central exams on labor market outcomes. This study exploits variation in exam systems across German states and educational tracks to investigate potential long-term effects of central exams on labor market earnings and unemployment probabilities. Results show that central exams are associated with higher earnings among pupils from the lowest educational track and with lower unemployment among pupils from the lowest and highest educational tracks. We also show that the association between earnings and exam grades is higher when grades are obtained in central exams, which should increase students’ incentives to study in states with central exams. In summary, we provide first evidence that central exams may have long-term impacts on the labor market.     

Veränderungen in der sozialen und ethnischen Zusammensetzung der Schülerschaft aus demografischer Perspektive

In this paper, we examine current changes in the ethnic and social composition of the preschool and school aged population as well as the consequences these changes may have for educational participation and thus for overall educational attainment in the near future. Based on the micro-census 2008 survey, we identify groups of migrants by region of parents’ origin where children – despite low levels of parents’ education and comparatively few socioeconomic resources – have greater chances of upward educational mobility than non-migrant children. By contrast, children from less educated, nonmigrant families show a much lower tendency to be upwardly mobile, and educational choices are more closely tied to the economic and social background. Thus, our analysis provides evidence that educational background and socio-economic resources in the students’ families are of greater importance for the overall development of educational attainment in Germany than characteristics of migration and ethnicity.     

Bedeutung der familialen Lebenswelt für die Gesundheit von Kindern und Jugendlichen

Family is the central place of socialization during childhood and adolescence. What are the determining factors of family life that are important for the health of children and adolescents and in which stages of their life do these factors take effect? The question is answered with reference to the general health of children and adolescents as rated by their parents. The analysis is conducted with data from the KiGGS study 2003–2006 which is representative of Germany (n?=?17641, age: 0–17 years). The gender-specific effects of different family factors on good health are analysed in five age groups using binary logistic regression analysis including structural, socioeconomic and origin-related factors of family as well as housing conditions and family cohesion. Bivariate analysis indicates significant effects on general health for almost all included factors (at least in some age groups). Multivariate analysis shows family cohesion to be the most important factor for good health. In boys a bilateral migration background also has an adverse effect on good general health until the beginning of adolescence.     

Die Anerkennung von wissenschaftlichen und künstlerischen Arbeiten nach § 85 UG

§ 85 UG erm?glicht die Ersetzung einer im Curriculum vorgeschriebenen wissenschaftlichen oder künstlerischen Arbeit durch eine sonstwo an einer anerkannten inl?ndischen oder ausl?ndischen postsekund?ren Bildungseinrichtung positiv beurteilte Arbeit im Wege der Anerkennung. Ma?gebliches Kriterium hiefür ist die Gleichwertigkeit zwischen "ausw?rtiger" und "heimischer" Arbeit; die Anerkennung kann auch studienrichtungsübergreifend erfolgen. In dieser Weise "suppliert" werden k?nnen Diplom- oder Masterarbeiten sowie künstlerische Diplom- oder Masterarbeiten, nicht jedoch Bachelorarbeiten und Dissertationen. W?hrend dies für Bachelorarbeiten sachlich gerechtfertigt werden kann, erweist sich der Ausschluss von Dissertationen aus dem System des § 85 UG als gleichheitswidrig.     

Abfertigungsansprüche von Assistenten

Keine Verletzung verfassungsgesetzlich gew?hrleisteter Rechte durch Zurückweisung der Berufung gegen die Abberufung eines Universit?tsprofessors von der Funktion als Leiter einer Universit?tsklinik sowie einer Klinischen Abteilung einer Medizinischen Universit?t; keine Bedenken gegen die Erm?chtigung des Rektorats zur Erstellung eines Organisationsplanes; keine Verletzung im Recht auf ein Verfahren vor dem gesetzlichen Richter mangels Zust?ndigkeit der Berufungskommission beim Bundeskanzleramt. Die Abberufung von einer Organfunktion an einer Universit?t stellt weder eine Entscheidung über zivilrechtliche Ansprüche und Verpflichtungen noch über eine strafrechtliche Anklage iSd Art 6 EMRK dar.     

Soziale Ungleichheiten beim Übergang von der Grundschule in die Sekundarstufe I: Theorie,Forschungsstand, Interventions- und Fördermöglichkeiten

Based on a theoretical model, which distinguishes between primary and secondary effects following Boudon, the present paper summarizes empirical evidence regarding the impact of family background on the transition from elementary into secondary school. In doing so, three types of secondary effects are distinguished: secondary effects of school grades, teacher recommendations, and the transition itself. The empirical literature suggests that both primary and secondary effects exist in the German school system: In addition to having lower achievement, children from disadvantaged backgrounds receive lower grades and fewer recommendations for higher tracks and are less likely to attend a high track even when controlling for their achievement. The paper closes by presenting findings from studies analyzing the relative importance of primary and secondary effects and a discussion on how effects of family background on the transition into secondary school can be reduced.