我国背越式跳高训练的新思路

分析了背越式跳高起跳技术的实质和起跳垂直速度获得途径,提出了背越式跳高是“双动力”起跳,起跳垂直速度的五种获得途径是起跳“速度—幅度”不同组合形式的体现,背越式跳高“速度—幅度”训练思路是以速度为中心,在不同训练时期,在保证助跑起跳速度不断增长的前提下,不断加大起跳幅度,使起跳速度、幅度与个人技术特点有机结合,表现出最佳的起跳效果和个人技术风格。     

背越式跳高“双动力”起跳技术的研究

运用运动训练实验法,分析了背越式跳高弧线助跑起跳过程中身体重心和垂直速度的变化规律,背越式跳高“双动力”起跳训练的中心是围绕以速度为核心的五个途径。进行起跳训练。     

当前田径运动技术发展的一般特征

1983年全国跳高训练工作会议上统一了思想。一致认为跳高训练必须坚持走速度型的道路,以速度为中心,快速助跑与快速起跳相结合。取消传统的倒二步技术概念,改为倒二步用前脚掌过渡、后蹬结束后,积极折叠大小腿,加快摆动角速度,形成快速起跳。围绕这些技术,身体训练也要以快速为中心使之适应技术的要求。回顾我国跳高历史,五十年代的郑凤荣是突出了自己的特点,掌握了完善的剪式技术,和具有高水平的身体素质和专项素质,结果曾三次打破过世界纪录。七十年代倪志钦以精湛的俯卧式技术,坚持突出专项能力,破了世界纪录。八十年代,朱建华以特殊的助跑速度,罕见的摆腿组成的速度型的背越式     

浅谈少年跳高运动员速度素质的训练

跳高作为一项竞技体育运动．是以“速度为核心”贯穿于跳高技术的全过程。少年时期身体正处于青春发育阶段,是进行全面身体训练,打好扎实基础的有利时期,是进行全面身体训练适应跳高专项特点和需要．使之成为将来不断提高专项训练水平的坚实基础。在身体全面训练的同时,要着重发展跳高运动员的基础速度素质（包括跑的速度、起跳时的收缩速度及完成助跑、起跳和过杆落地所需要的肢体反应速度）训练。     

光电计时方法在背越式跳高助跑速度测定中的应用

一、前言在现代背越式跳高技术中,助跑速度的快慢对运动成绩起着重要作用,助跑距离长、速度快是很多优秀跳高运动员的技术特点之一。我国著名跳高运动员朱建华就以助跑速度快、“进攻性”强而著称。电影胶片的分析结果表明,他在临近起跳时的助跑速度可达8米/秒以上。这一速度上的优势帮助他创造了世界记录。他的教练胡鸿飞曾提出“以速度为中心,     

对背越式跳高助跑速度和重心合理组合的研究

以速度为中心的训练观念和技术模式已成为背越式跳高技术发展的方向。但从东京世界田径锦标赛男子跳高前8名运动员在比赛中的运动学参数可以看到,优秀运动员的助跑速度与腾起初速度并非成正比相关,而腾起初速度对跳高成绩却具有决定性的作用。对此采用数据分析法,以有关力学理论为依据,对其内在规律进行探讨。     

男子跳高基础训练

一、背越式跳高发展 趋势及特点 跳高,就是应跳得尽可能最高,背越式的出现是跳高运动发展过程中的一次技术革命,对开发人体运动能力前进了一大步。目前跳高运动总体水平正处于稳定发展时期,从当前背越式跳高发展现状来看,其技术特点主要有以下三个方面:一是以速度为核心技术阶段,进一步开发人体潜在运动能力;二是采用和完善折叠式摆腿技术,动作更加简化;三是尽量减小“H3”的数值,使其变为正值,并把素质水平充分运用到动作中去。 二、培养敢跑敢跳意识为主,形成技术风格 (一)速度型迎合现代运动 技术发展趋势 “速度型”是当代背越式跳高     

跳高专项身体训练的方法与手段

跳高专项身体训练主要是发展与跳高有密切关系、能直接促进掌握跳高技术和提高成绩的身体素质。在进行专项身体训练时,不仅要注意方法与手段的选择,还要注意到运动员的个人特点,同时还要处理好一般身体训练与专项身体训练的关系。跳高专项身体训练包括专项速度训练、专项力量训练、专项耐力训练和专项柔韧及协调性训练。一、专项速度训练跳高的专项速度训练可以分为助跑、起跳和过杆速度训练。(一)助跑速度训练     

我国优秀女子跳高运动员备战第十四届全运会赛前训练安排研究

以优秀女子跳高运动员备战第十四届全运会为切入点,探究女子跳高运动员赛前训练安排特征,总结其赛前训练中的实践经验,整理出具有普遍指导意义的跳高赛前训练理论。通过实地调查胡麟鹏、陆佳雯、刘肼毅、邵雨琪四名运动员备战全运会赛前训练情况,深入访谈跳高训练方面专家,研究发现我国优秀女子跳高运动员赛前训练分为三个阶段,第一个阶段以大负荷量、中等强度的力量和速度训练为主,第二个阶段以大强度技术训练为主,第三个阶段以中等强度的速度节奏跑以及技术模仿训练为主。     

背越式跳高教学实践点滴谈

背越式跳高是集技术、速度、力量于一体的项目，技术虽然先进，但不易学，而现行的跳高教材中的教法，又比较简单不够详细，对初学来说是难以掌握正确的技术动作和练习的方法。本人经过多年的教学与训练实践，对背越式跳高技术有了一定的教学经验，下面就本人在教学与训练中所掌握的一些方法谈几点体会。     

Carbohydrate ingestion improves endurance performance during a 1h simulated cycling time trial

This study examined the effect of carbohydrate ingestion on metabolic and performance-related responses during and after a simulated 1h cycling time trial. Eight trained male cyclists (VO 2 peak = 66.5ml kg -1 min -1 ) rode their own bicycles mounted on a windload simulator to imitate real riding conditions. At a self-selected maximal pace, the cyclists performed two 1h rides (separated by 7 days) and were fed either an 8% carbohydrate or placebo solution. The beverages were administered 25 min before (4.5ml kg -1 ) and at the end (4.5ml kg -1 ) of the ride. With carbohydrate feeding, plasma glucose tended (P = 0.21) to rise before the time trial. Compared with rest, the plasma glucose concentration decreased significantly (P < 0.05) at the end of both rides, with no statistically significant difference being observed between treatments. Thereafter, plasma glucose increased significantly (P < 0.05) at 15 and 30 min into recovery, and was significantly higher at 30 min during the carbohydrate trial compared with the placebo trial. No significant changes in plasma free fatty acids were observed during the ride. However, a significant increase (P < 0.05) in free fatty acids was found at 15 and 30 min into recovery, with no difference between trials. Mean power output was significantly (P < 0.05) greater during the carbohydrate compared with the placebo trial (mean - S.E.: 277-3 and 269-3W, respectively). The greater distance covered in the carbohydrate compared with the placebo trial (41.5-1.06 and 41.0–1.06km, respectively; P < 0.05) was equivalent to a 44s improvement. We conclude that pre-exercise carbohydrate ingestion significantly increases endurance performance in trained cyclists during a 1h simulated time trial. Although the mechanism for this enhancement in performance with carbohydrate ingestion cannot be surmised from the present results, it could be related to a higher rate of carbohydrate oxidation, or to favourable effects of carbohydrate ingestion on the central component of fatigue.     

Science and medicine of rowing: A review

The biology and medicine of rowing are briefly reviewed. Effort in a 2000 -m race is about 70% aerobic. Because the boat (and in some instances a cox) must be propelled, successful competitors are very tall, with a large lean mass and aerobic power. Large hearts may lead to erroneous diagnoses of a cardiomyopathy. Large respiratory minute volumes must be developed by chest muscles that are also involved in rowing. The vital capacity is typically large, and breathing becomes entrained. Expiration cannot be slowed relative to inspiration (as normally occurs at high rates of ventilation) and the limiting flow velocity may be reached, with the potential for airway collapse. Performance is strongly related to the power output at the ‘anaerobic threshold’, and lactate measures provide a guide to an appropriate intensity of endurance training. Peak blood lactate levels are higher in males (commonly 11–19 mmol·l -1 and occasionally as high as 25 mmol·l -1) than in females (9–11 mmol·l -1), probably because males have a greater muscle mass in relation to blood volume. The skeletal muscles are predominantly slow twitch in type, developing an unusual force and power at low contraction velocities. Many rowers have a suboptimal diet, eating excessive amounts of fat. Lightweight rowers also have problems of weight cycling. Aerobic power and muscle endurance often change by 10% over the season, but such fluctuations can be largely avoided by a well-designed winter training programme. Injuries include back and knee problems, tenosynovitis of the wrist and, since the introduction of large blades, fractures of the costae.     

我国体育市场管理法规研究

采用调查法和比较法对全国体育市场立法和管理现状进行调查,对部分较早出台并有一定代表性的省市的体育市场管理法规的立法和管理情况进行了研究,提出了体育市场管理立法和管理的原则、基本程序、措施及其一般模式,为规范全国体育市场管理提供参考依据。     

重新认识体育的社会关联

体育与政治之间存在一个悖论，体育的发展与经济实力之间没有直线相关，体育与教育部分重叠，体育与宗教最为近缘，体育可借用科学手段，体育的艺术禀性日益明显，体育与养生反映着两种人生观。     

上海社区体育竞赛参与者的特点探析

本文在专家访谈、问卷调查、数理统计和文献资料分析的基础上,探析了上海社区体育竞赛参与者的特点、参与者对社区体育赛事运作管理的看法等问题。在此基础上从引进社区体育赛事的志愿者、整合社区体育赛事的各种资源、开发社区体育竞赛的无形资产、组建非营利性的专业团队、规范社区体育赛事的服务管理等方面提出了进一步满足上海社区居民日益增长的体育竞赛参赛需求的对策与措施。     

对全面把握游泳训练环节的探讨

从系统观点出发,结合训练实践,对全面把握游泳训练环节进行探讨。认为应强化非智力因素在运动员多年训练中的作用,在育材全过程中不断选材,从整体上把握动态训练的全过程,把培养高水平运动员的整个过程置于一个严格的科学控制之下。     

我国优秀游泳运动员出发技术辅助训练的研究

为改进我国优秀游泳运动员的出发技术,采用观测和实验方法,通过拍摄运动员陆上和水下出发技术录像以及出发计时,对出发技术进行运动生物力学诊断和分析。在此基础上,根据运动员自身特点和不同泳姿提出相应的入水启动方式,并研制出发训练辅助器材,对出发预备姿势、腾起角度以及飞行远度和入水角进行控制。实践证明:这是一种快捷、有效的出发技术辅助训练方法。     

运动性呼吸肌疲劳与耐力性项目的运动能力

影响和限制耐力性运动项目的成绩的生理因素是复杂的和多方面的,取决于训练的强度和运动成绩.大强度持续性运动可导致呼吸肌疲劳.运动性呼吸疲劳可能在决定运动耐量方面起到关键的作用：一方面通过直接影响运动肌力量的生成（外周疲劳）,另一方面,通过肢体用力自感不安反馈引起工作肌运动单位输出功率下降（中枢疲劳）.对呼吸肌进行训练,可能有助于提高耐力性项目的运动成绩.     

Identifying home advantage in international tennis and golf tournaments

A regression analysis of competitors' tournament results in relation to their world rankings was proposed to identify the effect of home advantage in international ‘grand-slam’ tennis and ‘major’ golf tournaments. The results provided little evidence of home advantage in either the grand-slam tennis or the golf tournaments held in 1993. The only possible evidence of home advantage was found in the Wimbledon tennis and the US Open golf championships. Even these findings can be explained, at least partially, by (1) the availability of information concerning the low world rankings of the British tennis players competing at Wimbledon, and (2) selective entry, allowing only the world's top-ranked foreign golfers into the US open golf tournament. In both cases, the lower ranking home competitors have a greater opportunity to perform above their anticipated world rankings. Therefore, provided entry into tennis and golf tournaments is truly ‘open’ to both the host nation's representatives and foreign competitors alike, home advantage does not appear to be a major factor influencing the competitors' performance in such competitions. These findings may be explained by the relatively objective nature of the scoring systems used in tennis and golf, unlike the subjective influence of refereeing decisions on the results of team-games such as soccer.     

青少年业余足球运动员运动倾向性5因素结构模型初探

根据Scanlan等人最新提出的运动倾向性理论模型,结合我国实际情况建立了青少年足球运动员运动倾向性5因素结构模型。运动倾向性被定义为:渴望和决心继续参加足球运动的心理状态。所建立的5因素结构模型认为,运动倾向性是由运动乐趣、参与选择、个人投入、社会约束及参与机会5个因素决定。经确定5个决定因素和运动倾向性的操作定义,编制了相应调查问卷,通过对北京市252名青少年足球运动员实测结果,建立运动倾向性及其影响因素的协方差结构模型,用Lisre 18分析的结果表明:该运动倾向性模型比较符合北京青少年足球运动员。其中运动乐趣、个人投入、参与机会和参与选择4因素对运动倾向性有影响;社会约束对运动倾向性影响不大。