对培养专家型教师的思考

培养专家型教师已成为世界教育发展的共同趋势。对培养专家型教师的理解可以从四个“点”来认识：其立足点在于使教师成为研究，其着眼点在于理论与实践相结合，其切入点在于从经验性认识上升到理论认识，其生长点在于运用激励机制调动教师的科研积极性。     

Building the expert teacher prototype: A metasummary of teacher expertise studies in primary and secondary education

While expert teachers remain a frequent focus of research in education, to date there have been very few attempts to conduct systematic reviews of this literature. This paper presents the findings of the first systematic metasummary of research on teacher expertise in K12 education (primary/elementary and secondary levels), based on analysis of 106 empirical studies from 16 countries involving 1124 teachers identified as experts. The inductively-developed coding framework was applied independently by both authors to the dataset to generate agreement counts for specific coding themes, firstly for specific domains of teacher expertise, and then stratified to compare primary and secondary studies. We present 73 specific features organised into six domains in our expert teacher prototype. Salient findings indicate that, with regard to professional practice, expert teachers reflect extensively and often critically on their practice, help their colleagues frequently, and are continuous learners throughout their careers. Concerning knowledge, we find that expert teachers have well-developed pedagogical content knowledge and knowledge about their learners. In the domain of pedagogic practice, we observe that expert teachers display flexibility in the classroom, build strong interpersonal relationships with their learners, whom they engage through their choice of activities and content, and frequently make use of strategies typically emphasised in both constructivist and learner-centred education literatures. We offer our prototype as a useful initial sketch of family resemblance among expert teachers rather than a checklist of necessary or expected features of expertise, also cautioning that the prototype remains far from complete.     

What Teachers Believe about Teaching Composite Classes

Teacher knowledge of how to teach a composite class (a class of two or more grades) was studied by observing eight outstanding teachers at work and by eliciting their knowledge of the reasons for their own behaviour. From observation and interviews, 125 incidents, each with an explanatory teacher comment, were collected. A maxim was educed for each and the maxims were classified under six main headings: (1) management, (2) personalisation, (3) class climate, (4) teaching strategies, (5) curriculum, and (6) teaching contexts. The validity of these maxims was assessed by a group of 21 outstanding composite‐class teachers, including seven of the original eight, who also commented on the maxims’ usefulness for in‐service professional development. The majority of outstanding teachers agreed with almost all the maxims and they felt the maxims would be valuable for preservice and in‐service teacher education. This paper discusses the importance of teachers having knowledge and skills in the areas of personalisation of instruction, classroom management and creating a positive class climate. Also discussed are the implications of disagreements amongst teachers over the validity of some of the maxims and the issue of the extent to which composite‐class teaching requires different skills and knowledge from ordinary class teaching.     

Students and teacher academic evaluation perceptions: Methodology to construct a representation based on actionable knowledge discovery framework

This research introduces a method to construct a unified representation of teachers and students perspectives based on the actionable knowledge discovery (AKD) and delivery framework. The representation is constructed using two models: one obtained from student evaluations and the other obtained from teachers’ reflections about their teaching practice. We integrate both models into one that incorporates students’ opinions and teachers’ knowledge and meta-knowledge. This method provides a representation of a teacher’s best teaching practices where student perceptions are presented as patterns in the form of association rules. The representation adds actionability to association rules by demonstrating how students’ association rules are related between themselves and how they are related to teacher’s meta-knowledge.     

Reflective Classroom Practice: case studies of student teachers at work

Abstract

This paper addresses the nature of reflective classroom practice in a setting where action research has been undertaken by both the student teachers and the teaching practice supervisor. It is based on a cross‐case study of the processes through which student teachers learn to teach. Specifically, the analysis focuses on how student teachers reflect on their experiences in learning to teach. The data are based on student teachers’ reported thoughts about their learning over a period of one year. The results contribute to the understanding of reflective classroom practice by highlighting first student teachers’ perceptions about learning to teach and second their reviews on classroom practice. The discussion also adds to the literature on teacher development taken from the novice‐expert research tradition. Accordingly, implications for curriculum development in teacher education are drawn.     

A context-adaptive teacher training model in a ubiquitous learning environment

In view of the discrepancies in teacher training and teaching practice, this paper put forward a context-adaptive teacher training model in a ubiquitous learning (u-learning) environment. The innovative model provides teachers of different subjects with adaptive and personalized learning content in a u-learning environment, implements intra- and inter-group collaboration to facilitate knowledge construction and in-depth study, and promotes reflection with the help of the supervising teacher's review and summarization. To test the effect, the model was applied to a general teacher training. Participants were then given questionnaires and interviews were conducted to assess the effectiveness of the model and attitude. Results showed that the model promoted teachers’ learning effectively, achieved the combination of teacher training and teaching practice. Moreover, teachers held positive attitude toward the model.     

Geography students as constructors of classroom knowledge and practice: a case study from Botswana

This study reports on the strategies (overt and subtle) employed by students in one senior secondary school in Botswana to keep their teachers in an information‐giving position. Contrary to the prevailing view that the ‘teacher dominance’ of classroom activities so often reported in classroom studies results from teachers' desire for social control, this study sees the dominance as a negotiated product, resulting instead from teachers and students exercising power on one another. Such a view of classroom practice is only possible where power is conceptualized not as a negative force that dominates, but as a productive force that simultaneously constrains and enables human action. Viewed this way, classroom reality becomes a co‐construction, a ‘joint project’ by teacher and students. Attempts to change this reality, therefore, must include both teacher and students.     

Call for papers

This study was designed to reveal the knowledge and skill sets that practicing day treatment and residential treatment EBD teachers view as important, and/or lacking, in novice EBD teachers, and to situate those findings within the larger contexts of teacher attrition and teacher preparation in special education. Primary results suggest that EBD teachers in day treatment and residential treatment centres believe knowledge of and implementation of best practices to be one of the most important prerequisites for effective practice in the EBD classroom, and one of the prerequisites most lacking by novice teachers. EBD teachers also indicated that knowledge of and appropriate use of behaviour management techniques was essential for effective practice, and also was reported to be lacking in novice teachers. In addition, EBD teachers reported a number of areas in which their teacher preparation programmes were perceived as lacking depth. Finally, certain personality attributes were identified as essential prerequisites for effective practice in the EBD classroom. Results are useful for teacher educators, teacher coaches, and school administrators.     

教学模仿在教师专业成长中的作用

文章从教师专业实践知识分析的视角出发,结合案例,剖析新入职教师教学模仿的动机和作用过程,总结出模仿对教师个人知识和教师共同体教学专业发展的促进意义。研究认为,教学模仿不仅有助于新入职教师应对教学初期的不确定感,帮助教师了解实际教育情境中的意义、规范和原则,教学模仿也有助于建设教师实践共同体,是发现和发展教师共同体实践性知识的一种媒介。     

我国专家型教师研究的回顾与展望

随着教师职业地位的逐步提升与教师专业化的不断发展,专家型教师的研究日益成为人们关注的焦点。已有研究肯定了专家型教师的时代价值,注意了专家型教师的内涵阐释,重视了专家型教师的特征分析,突出了专家型教师的素质探讨,涉足了专家型教师的成长探究,但研究对象缺乏准确界定,研究风格缺乏本土气息,研究内容缺乏深层分析,研究范式缺乏多元综合,研究成果缺乏操作策略。为此,我国专家型教师研究的未来方向应是重视概念界定,强化本土研究,深化理论探讨,拓展研究视野,致力操作策略。     

专家型教师的知识结构及其发展模式分析

教师专业发展的核心是教师的知识建构。专家型教师不仅具有丰厚的理论性知识,还具有大量的实践性知识,并能够灵活地进行理论知识和实践知识的转化,在建构知识的过程中能够不断创新知识,其知识结构是多元化的。新手教师要成为专家型教师可按照模仿、借鉴、反思、实践、科研的知识发展模式,实现从理论知识到实践知识的转化,在教学实践中不断将实践知识内化,最后完成由实践知识到理论知识的升华,构建合理的知识结构。     

Notes on contributors

This research examines Zambian teachers’ perceptions of expert teaching, as identified by characteristics possessed by a theoretical “expert teacher”. One primary question guided the study: In the minds of teachers at basic schools (grades one to nine) in Choma District, Zambia, what specific characteristics are believed to be essential for teachers to possess in order to be an expert teacher? Additionally, an ancillary question was explored concerning the relationship between teacher perceptions of expert teachers and the local environments where they live and teach. Conducted in 2008, this study utilized qualitative methods to explore these questions. The results of the research revealed six characteristics Zambian teachers believe are essential to being an expert. The characteristics have implications for change within national educational policies, teacher training programs, and individual schools. These suggested modifications, in turn, have the potential to improve the overall quality of education in Zambian schools.     

The role of attention in expert classroom practice

In this paper we outline a new theoretical model of expert practice that identifies the importance of attentional skills. We report on a small-scale pilot study of the classroom practice of experienced teachers of mathematics based on this model, through which a method of articulating aspects of classroom practice has been developed. This study took place in England, where current policy in teacher education places considerable emphasis on lesson planning. Our study raises issues about the relationships between the different kinds of knowledge that we see as constituting expert practice.     

Research-based and hands-on practical teacher education: an attempt to combine the two

This article, based on the analysis of responses given by 27 students in initial teacher education, gives an account of how education theory can be conceived by students as relevant to their teaching practice. Research on teacher education in many countries has revealed that students regard theory and practice to be inconsistent or to belong to different worlds in initial teacher education. This may have a potentially negative effect on the teachers’ opportunities for future professional development, as such development should be based on the ability to view one’s own teaching practice from a critical, theory- and research-based perspective. In the research and development project reported in this article, the PIL-project, the students’ teaching practice was chosen as the pivotal point for all the other activities involved in the teacher education programme. Results indicate that when questions emerge from the students’ own experience, theory is often found useful in discussing and understanding their practical experiences. The results further show that the students’ choice of theory when discussing their teaching practice is eclectic. Students tend to choose theory with direct relevance to their daily tasks in the classrooms. The implication for initial teacher education is that the educational theory taught should more often address the immediate challenges faced by the students doing their teaching practice.     

Learning‐to‐learn and learning‐to‐teach: the impact of disciplinary subject study on student‐teachers’ professional identity

A coherent view of student‐teachers’ preparation and the learning experiences to which they are exposed are key to sustaining the relevance of university‐based teacher‐education programmes. Arguably, such coherence is lacking and the research base to an understanding of the student‐teacher experience is still a relatively limited one. This paper takes the view that student‐teachers’ epistemological growth is a key component of their professional development, their sense of identity as intending teachers, and their successful entry into a teaching career. In adopting a phenomenographic approach it explores a chain of evidence which demonstrates that immersion in the processes of learning and knowing, within a specific disciplinary context, had a significant impact on students’ emerging professional identities and on their values as teachers which extends beyond the subject matter itself. Arguably, the findings of this case‐study hold important implications for a teacher‐education programme and for effective pedagogic practice.     

TPACK in teacher education: are we preparing teachers to use technology for early literacy?

This study examines if and how five teacher education institutes are helping students to develop the technological pedagogical content knowledge needed to effectively use technology for early literacy. Focus group discussions were held with teacher educators in which their responses to expert recommendations were probed. Findings indicate that, currently, very little attention is specifically given to the knowledge that teachers need to foster early literacy through the use of technology. This is due to multiple factors, including the conviction that many new technologies (e.g. tablets) are not used much in schools. Additionally, teacher educators themselves struggle with effective use of technology in their own courses. And although technological and early literacy specialists are available in teacher training colleges, pre-service educators note a distinct lack of integrated expertise in their institutions. Based on these findings, recommendations are given for research, policy and practice.     

国外教师教学决策的比较研究及启示

合理的教学决策是有效教学的前提。不同专业发展阶段的教师在教学计划决策、互动性教学决策和反思性教学决策三方面存在着决策维度、决策焦点和决策模式的差异。现有研究表明,新手教师成长为卓越教师,除了教学经验的不断丰富之外,更重要的是要增强教师的课程意识和课程决策能力,提高教师对教学决策的反思批判水平。对这一问题的后续研究需要增加有经验教师和专家教师的教学决策比较,实现从认知理性到生态理性的研究转换,以更好地指导教师专业发展的实践。     

Measuring practical knowledge among prospective and current teachers of deaf and hard of hearing students

Research on teaching and teacher research has a long history. However, in the field of the education of deaf and hard of hearing students, this research is limited. The study addresses one particular area of research on teaching and teacher research: practical knowledge of teachers of deaf and hard of hearing students. Practical knowledge is defined as how educators think about their classroom practice. By means of a survey designed and tested by the researcher, four hierarchical groups (beginning education students, graduating education students, novice teachers, and experienced teachers) in the education of deaf and hard of hearing students were surveyed on their practical knowledge. Practical knowledge codified as images, rules of practice, and practical principles. Results were measured to demonstrate for categories and characteristics of practical knowledge storage among prospective and current teachers of deaf and hard of hearing students. The instrument was designed as an assessment tool to measure aspects of this knowledge, apply it to levels of pedagogical expertise, and expand research in this area.     

Professional development for scaling pedagogical innovation in the context of game-based learning: teacher identity as cornerstone in “shifting” practice

A dominant discourse on “scaling-up” small-scale innovations based on a limited number of successful classroom trials pervades the educational literature. We view this discourse as insensitive to the professional work of teachers and the human side of school change. Our research investigated how teacher professional development could be conceived and conducted to support take up of digital game-based learning in the context of a 3-week social studies unit on governance and citizenship. Students played a mobile game in their own time. In the classroom, teachers enacted dialogic pedagogy to facilitate students’ meaning-making of their gameplay experience. Our findings indicate that teacher identity, constituted by their interwoven knowing–doing–being–valuing is central to any effort to scale pedagogical and technological innovation. We modified our original model for the appropriation of innovation uptake by teachers to one that places teacher identity as the centrepiece of the model and cornerstone in “shifting” teacher practice.