Essay Review

David Crook &; Richard Aldrich (eds.), History of Education for the Twenty-first Century (London, Institute of Education, University of London, 2000) xi + 8 pp. [= Bedford Way Papers, 14] ISBN 0-85473-619-0 Richard Aldrich (ed.), A Century of Education (London-New York, Routledge Falmer, 2002) xx + 245 pp., ISBN 0-415-24323-8 Petra Götte & Wolfgang Gippert (Hrsg.), Historische P dagogik am Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts. Bilanzen und Perspektiven. Christa Berg zum 60. Geburtstag (Essen, Klartext, 2000) 269 pp., ISBN 3-88474-888-2 Thomas S. Popkewitz, Barry M. Franklin & Miguel A. Pereyra (eds.), Cultural History and Education. Critical Essays on Knowledge and Schooling (New York-London, Routledge Falmer, 2001) viii + 369 pp., ISBN 0-415-92805-2, ISBN 0-415-92806-0     

Reviews

Books reviewed
Ronald Barnett (2003) Beyond All Reason: Living with Ideology in the University . Buckingham: Society for Research into Higher Education & Open University Press. 231 pp; ISBN 0-335-20894-0 (hb.) £65; 0-335-20893-2 (pb.) £22.50.
Cecile Deer (2002) Higher Education in England and France Since the 1980s . Oxford: Symposium Books. 208 pp; ISBN 1-873927-64-9. £24.00 (pb).     

Reviews

Books reviewed in this article:
Ridley, Dale Scott & Walther, Bill (1995) Creating Responsible Learners: The Role of a Positive Clnssroom Enviroment American Psychological Association, Washington 1-55 798-295-3 614.50 121 pp
Seek, Barbara B (1995) ed lnstructional Design Fundamentals: A Reconsideration Educational Technology Publications, Englewood Cliffs. NJ 0-87778-284-9 $37.95 278 pp
Thorley, Lyn & Gregory, Roy (1994) eds Using Group-based Learning in Higher Education Kogan Page, London (and Philadelphia) 0-7494-1246-1 £14.95 194 pp
Wilson, Brent G et al (1994) Technology Making a Difference: The Peakview Elementary School Study ERIC, Syracuse 0-937597-39-2 $17 230 pp
Faludy, Tanya & Faludy, Alexander (1996) A Little Edge of Darkness: A Boy's Triumph over Dyslexia Jessica Kingsley, London 1-85302-357- 4 £9.95 160 pp     

不同稀释液对波尔山羊精液冷冻效果的比较

本实验采集4头波尔山羊种公羊精液,比较4种精液冷冻保存稀释液配方[A葡萄糖-柠檬酸钠-乙二胺四乙酸;B乳糖-葡萄糖-柠檬酸钠;C葡萄糖-柠檬酸钠-三羟甲基氨基甲烷;D蔗糖-葡萄糖-柠檬酸-谷氨酸-三羟甲基氨基甲烷]并进行细管和颗粒不同冻精制作,测定解冻后精子活率、畸形率、顶体完整率.结果表明,D稀释液解冻后的精子活率平均为40.50%,顶体完整率50.25%,优于A和B液,呈显著或极显著差异(P<0.05,P<0.01),而C稀释液解冻后的精子活率平均为38.5%,顶体完整率48.48%,优于A和B(P<0.05);细管冻精效果优于颗粒冻精(P<0.05).结论:最佳处理方式为利用D稀释液配方进行细管冻精.     

Transgenic barley with overexpressed PTrx increases aluminum resistance in roots during germination

A transgenic barley line (LSY-11-1-1) with overexpressed Phalaris coerulescens thioredoxin gene (PTrx) was employed to measure the growth, protein oxidation, cell viability, and antioxidase activity in barley roots during germination on the presence of 2 mmol/L AlCl₃ on filter paper. The results show that (1) compared with the non-transgenic barley, LSY-11-1-1 had enhanced root growth, although both were seriously inhibited after AlCl₃ treatment; (2) the degree of protein oxidation and loss of cell viability in roots of LSY-11-1-1 were much less than those in roots of non-transgenic barley, as reflected by lower contents of protein carbonyl and Evans blue uptakes in LSY-11-1-1; (3) activities of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and glutathione reductase (GR) in LSY-11-1-1 root tips were generally higher than those in non-transgenic barley root tips, although these antioxidase activities gave a rise to different degrees in both LSY-11-1-1 and non-transgenic barley under aluminum stress. These results indicate that overexpressing PTrx could efficiently protect barley roots from oxidative injury by increasing antioxidase activity, thereby quenching ROS caused by AlCl₃ during germination. These properties raise the possibility that transgenic barley with overexpressed PTrx may be used to reduce the aluminum toxicity in acid soils.     

Asymmetric synthesis of N-protected 3-methylpiperidin-2-one and its diastereoisomer

This paper reports the asymmetric synthesis of an important pharmaceutical intermediate (3S)-1-[(1R)-2-hydroxy-1-phenylethyl]-3-methylpiperidin-2-one (compound 1) from commercially available D-plenylglycinol and delta-valerolactone. During the alkylation process, the hydroxyl group can be protected or unprotected, resulting in a different consumption of s-BuLi, and leading to a different diastereomeric excess (de) of compound 1. When 1-[(1R)-2-hydroxy-1-phenylethyl]-piperidin-2-one (compound 2) was alkylated with 2.5 eq. of s-BuLi, compound 1 was obtained as a single isomer detected by chiral high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) columns with an overall yield of 91%. With the hydroxyl group protected, (R)-1-(2-[(tert-butyldimethylsil) oxy]-1-phenylethyl) piperidine-2-one (compound 6) could be alkylated with 1.5 eq. of s-BuLi, giving compound 1 and its diastereoisomer 8 in a ratio of 1:2.5 and a yield of methylation of 90%. Compounds 1 and 8 could be separated completely and easily by flash chromatography. The absolute configuration of compound 8 was determined by singlecrystal X-ray analysis. The mechanism of the alkylation process is discussed based on experimental results.     

Rough winds do Shake: Higher education in transition

The Management of Change: universities, state and economy in Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom, HENRY D.R. MILLER, 1995, Buckingham: Society for Research into Higher Education/Open University Press. viii + 183pp, ISBN 0-3355-19089-8 (hardback)

The Postmodern University? Contested Visions of Higher Education in Society, ANTHONY SMITH & FRANK WEBSTER (Eds), 1997, Buckingham: Society for Research into Higher Education/Open University, Press. xi + 125pp. ISBN 0-335-19958-5 (paperback), ISBN 0-335-19959-3 (hardback)     

World War II — Survey of Recent Literature

We Make the Road by Walking by Myles Horton and Paolo Freire. Edited by Brenda Bell, John Gaventa, and John Peters. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1990, 248 pp., hardcover. (ISBN 0-8722-771-3)

The Color of Strangers, The Color of Friends: The Play of Ethnicity in School and Community by Alan Peshkin. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1991, 304 pp., softcover. (ISBN 0-226-66201-2)

In the Mind's Eye by Thomas G. West, Buffalo. New York: Prometheus Books, 1991, 359 pp., hardcover. (ISBN 0-87975-646-2)     

枝状PBS基脂肪族聚酯的合成和降解研究

合成了枝状PBS基脂肪族聚酯——聚丁二酸丁二醇酯-共-聚丁二酸1,2丙二醇酯P(BS-co-1,2-PS),并用土壤培养液法对P(BS-co-1,2-PS)及PBS进行降解,用X射线衍射对材料的结晶度进行了测定,通过失重率的变化和表面形貌观察对降解程度进行表征分析。结果表明,结晶度的变化顺序为PBSP(BS-co-1,2-PS)-10%P(BS-co-1,2-P S)-20%P(BS-co-1,2-P S)-30%,降解性能的变化顺序为P(BS-co-1,2-P S)-30%P(BS-co-1,2-PS)-20%P(BS-co-1,2-PS)-10%PBS,由此得出,随着1,2丙二醇添加量的增大,P(BS-co-1,2-PS)共聚酯主链结构对称性降低,结晶性能减弱,结晶度减小,降解性能增大。     

To Define Or Not To Define: The Case Of (-8)1/3

This paper discusses two possible approaches to (-8)^1/3. The first is that (-8)^1/3 = ³(-8) = -2. The second is that (-8)^1/3 is undefined. The pros and cons of each of these approaches are considered and some implications to teacher education are specified.This revised version was published online in September 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Reviews: 9

Rudestam, Kjell & Schoenholtz-Read, Judith ed (2002) Handbook of online learning Sage (Thousand Oaks CA & London) ISBN 0-7619-2403-5 460 pp £35 (boards £69)
http://www.sagepub.co.uk info@sagepub.co.uk     

Reviews: 16

Hewson, Claire et al (2003) Internet research methods Sage (London & Thousand Oaks CA) ISBN 0-7619-5920-3 155 pp £18.99 (boards £60)
http://www.sagepub.co.uk info@sagepub.co.uk     

Proapoptotic and pronecrosis effect of different truncated hepatitis C virus core proteins

Objective: To study the roles of different truncated hepatitis C virus (HCV) core proteins (CORE) in the pathogenesis of HCV persistent infection and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and to assess intracellular localization in transiently transfected cells. Methods: Seven truncated CORE-GFP (green fluorescent protein) fusion protein expression plasmids were constructed,which contained HCV CORE sequences derived from tumor tissues (BT) and non-tumor tissues (BNT) from one patient infected with HCV. Amino acid (aa) lengths were BT: 1-172 aa, 1-126 aa, 1-58 aa, 59-126 aa, 127-172 aa; BNT: 1-172 aa and C191:1-172 aa respectively. Subcellular localization of CORE-GFP was analyzed by con-focal laser scanning microscope. Apoptosis and necrosis were quantified by flow cytometry. Results: Different truncated CORE-GFP localized mainly in the cytoplasm, but nuclear staining was also observed. HCV CORE could induce apoptosis and necrosis, and different truncated COREs could induce cell apoptosis and necrosis at different levels. Among the same length 1-172 aa of BT, BNT and C191, the cell apoptosis and necrosis percentage of BT is highest, and C191 is the lowest (BT＞BNT＞C191). To the different fragment COREs of BT,N-terminal of CORE induced apoptosis and necrosis higher, compared with that of C-terminal (1-172 aa＞1-126 aa＞1-58aa＞ 127-172 aa＞59-126 aa). Conclusion: These results suggest HCV CORE could induce apoptosis and necrosis of cells, which might play an important role in the pathogenesis of HCV persistent infection and HCC and the different CORE domains of different HCV quasi-species might have some difference in their pathogenesis.     

EAG and behavioral responses of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Helicoverpa armigera</Emphasis> males to volatiles from poplar leaves and their combinations with sex pheromone

Electroantennogram (EAG) evaluation of selected compounds from wilted leaves of black poplar, Populus nigra, showed that phenyl acetaldehyde, methyl salicylate, (E)-2-hexenal elicited strong responses from male antennae of Helicoverpa armigera. When mixed with sex pheromone (Ph), some volatiles, e.g. phenyl acetaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, phenylethanol, methylsalicylate, linalool, benzaldehyde, (Z)-3-hexenol, (Z)-3-hexenylacetate, (Z)-6-nonenol, cineole, (E)-2-hexenal, and geraniol elicited stronger responses from male antennae than Ph alone. Wind tunnel bioassay demonstrated that various volatiles could either enhance or inhibit the effect of synthetic sex pheromone. (E)-2-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexenol and linalool in combination with Ph could not induce any male to land on source at all, whereas phenyl acetaldehyde, benzaldehyde, (Z)-6-nonenol and salicylaldehyde combined with Ph enhanced male response rates by 58.63%, 50.33%, 51.85% and 127.78%, respectively, compared to Ph alone. These results suggested that some volatiles should modify sex pheromone caused behavior and that some of them couldpossibly be used as a tool for disrupting mating or for enhancing the effect of synthetic sex pheromone in the field. Project supported by Knowledge Innovation Program from Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) (No. KSCX2-02-5-2) and Shanghai Commission of Science and Technology (Nos. 023912004 and 01JC14051), China     

Federal Republic of Germany: Population Trends and Their Implications for Education

One of the weekly reports of the German Institute for Industrial Research (Deutsches Institut für Industrieforschung) recently dealt with the educational implications of falling birth rates. The size of the 6-18 population (including migrants) is as follows: 1960-9.7 million; 1975-12.7 million; 1980-12 million; 1992-8 million (forecast); 2000-8.5 million (forecast).     

The effects of problem format,number of independent variables,and their interaction on student performance on a control of variables reasoning problem

This study was designed to investigate the effects of problem format and the number of independent variables in the problem on the responses of students to a control of variables reasoning task. The Bending Rods problem was used. A four times two factorial research design with four levels (2-, 3-, 4-, 5-variables) of the number of independent variables and two formats (essay and multiple choice) was set up for the investigation. 548 eighth graders in 24 science classes in a suburban public school district northwest of Chicago participated in the study. Students were administered the Bending Rods problem in groups in their science classes. Each classroom was randomly assigned to a cell in the research design. Initial analysis of the data indicated four separate levels (2-, 3-, 4-, 5-variables) of the independent variable number of independent variables in the problem' were unnecessary. The 2- and 3-variable levels were pooled as were the 4- and 5-variable levels to give two distinct levels of this variable. Analysis of variance indicated that: (1) task format had no effect on subject's scores; but (2) the differences between subjects' mean scores on the 2-, 3-variable essay versions and the 4-, 5-variable essay versions are significantly greater than the mean scores of corresponding multiple choice versions of the task, which exhibit rather uniform scores; and (3) the 2-, 3-variable forms together were significantly less difficult for students than were the 4-, 5-variable forms together. Discussion focuses on interpretations that include: (1) task demands on working memory; (2) Pascual-Leone's M-energy; and (3) the use of testwiseness strategies in solving essay and multiple choice tasks, respectively. Implications for science teachers are set forth in view of these discussion points and their relevance to test construction and classroom assessment of learning objectives in science.     

Reviews: 2

Cornford, James & Pollock, Neil (2003) Putting the university online Open University Press (Buckingham UK & Philadelphia PA) ISBN 0-335-21005-8 121 pp £19.99 (boards £60)
http://www.openup.co.uk enquiries@openup.co.uk     

Book Reviews

Comparative and International Research in Education: globalisation, context and difference MICHAEL CROSSLEY &KEITH WATSON, 2003 London, RoutledgeFalmer 177 pp (_ix), £75.00 (hbk), £22.50 (pbk) ISBN 0-415-19122-X (hbk), 0-19122-X (pbk)     

胃癌和癌旁粘膜组织中bcl-2和c-myc基因蛋白表达的研究

目的:研究bcl-2、c-myc在胃癌发生、发展过程中的变化。方法:应用SP免疫组织化学方法,对80例胃癌及癌旁组织进行bcl-2、c-myc基因蛋白的检测,并对两种基因的生物学和临床病理意义进行研究。结果:胃癌组织bcl-2阳性表达率为46.3％,癌旁组织为40.0％。光镜下对癌旁组织依据有无癌前病变进行分组,其中56例伴癌前病变者bcl-2阳性表达率为57.1％,24例不伴癌前病变者无阳性表达,伴癌前病变癌旁粘膜与癌相比无统计学意义(P>0.05)。对53例带有癌的癌旁组织根据癌旁粘膜和癌的关系,分为移行粘膜25例,受侵粘膜28例,其中移行粘膜均伴癌前病变。bcl-2阳性表达率在移行粘膜(68.0％)和胃癌组织均明显高于受侵粘膜(3.57％)(P<0.01)。bcl-2的表达强度在癌组织和伴癌前病变癌旁粘膜明显高于不伴癌前病变癌旁粘膜(P<0.01),癌和移行粘膜显著高于受侵粘膜(P<0.05)。c-myc阳性表达率在胃癌为67.5％,癌旁组织为57.5％。伴癌前病变癌旁粘膜(82.1％)和胃癌组织均与不伴癌前病变癌旁粘膜(41.7％)有明显差异(P<0.01、P<0.05)。移行粘膜(84.0％)和受侵粘膜(67.9％)与胃癌组织比较,无明显差异(P>0.05)。c-myc表达强度在胃癌和伴癌前病变癌旁粘膜显著高于不伴癌前病变癌旁粘膜(P<0.05);而胃癌、移行粘膜、受侵粘膜三组间无明显差异(P>     

Reviews

Books reviewed
Paul R. Trowler, ed. (2002) Higher Education Policy and Institutional Change: Intentions and Outcomes in Turbulent Environments. Buckingham: Society for Research into Higher Education and Open University Press. 166 pp; ISBN 0-335209-19-X (hb).
Peter T. Knight (2002) Being a Teacher in Higher Education. Buckingham: Society for Research into Higher Education & Open University Press. 245 pp; ISBN 0-335-20930-0 (pb.) £18.99.