The Control of Reaching Movements by Young Infants

Samples of reaches were obtained from groups of infants aged 4.5, 6, and 7.5 months. Split-screen video recordings were transcribed as sequences of (x,y,z) hand coordinates, and the hand path was examined for evidence of initial aiming and subsequent correction of the movement path. At all ages, the initial direction of the movement was correlated with target direction, providing evidence that the hand was aimed toward the target. Additionally, changes in movement direction made after the commencement of the movement tended to curve the hand path toward the target, providing evidence of error correction. Local minima of hand speed evident within segments of continuous motion were associated with turn toward the target. However, the movement path was also curved toward the target within the movement elements bounded by these minima. This finding was seen as consistent with "continuous" correction of movement errors and as contrary to the suggestion that infant movements are concatenations of ballistic movement units whose boundaries are marked by troughs in the speed profile.     

莫言《透明的红萝卜》中俗语的日译技巧

汉语中的俗语是中国文化智慧和精华的结晶,它的翻译和传播,符合中国文化走出去的大政方针,有利于提高中国在国际社会的文化软实力。从莫言的成名作《透明的红萝卜》中的俗语出发,根据纽马克提出的关联翻译法,研究译者著名汉学家藤井省三的俗语日译技巧,借鉴其经验用以指导翻译实践和提高翻译理论认识。藤井在翻译俗语时用到了顺译、补偿、加注等多种翻译技巧,忠实传达了原文本的内容和风格,符合纽马克关联翻译法中上乘翻译的定义。     

The Development of a Linkage between Count Nouns and Object Categories: Evidence from Fifteen- to Twenty-One-Month-Old Infants

Recent research suggests that, although young children appreciate many different kinds of conceptual relations among objects, they focus specifically on taxonomic relations in the context of word learning. However, because the evidence for children's appreciation of this linkage between words and object categories has come primarily from children who have made substantial linguistic and conceptual advances, it offers limited information concerning the development of this linkage. In the experiments reported here, we employ a match-to-sample task to focus specifically on the development of an appreciation of the linkage between words (here, count nouns) and object categories in infants in the period just prior to and just subsequent to the naming explosion. The results demonstrate that, for 21-month-old infants, most of whom have recently entered the vocabulary explosion (Experiment 1), and for 16-month-old infants, most of whom have yet to commence the vocabulary explosion (Experiment 2), novel nouns focus attention on taxonomic relations among objects. This is important because it reveals a nascent appreciation of a linkage between words and object categories in infants who are at the very onset of language production. Results are interpreted within a developmental account of infants' emerging appreciation of a specific linkage between count nouns and object categories.     

成人商务英语学习中的特点与教学探讨

随着成人商务英语继续教育在中国继续教育中的升温,国际合作与交流的日益频繁,社会迫切需要懂外语、国际贸易、会文秘、会财会的复合型商务人才。如何有效快速地帮助成人学习者提高其急需的商务英语应用能力引起了众多一线商务英语教学工作者的关注。在分析了成人商务英语学习中的特点的基础上,探讨了几点成人商务英语教学方法,举例分析了一些具体策略在帮助提高成人商务英语教学上的作用以及成人商务英语教学方式和教学方法。     

Heart Rate and Behavioral measures of Attention in Six-, Nine-, and Twelve-Month-Old Infants during Object Exploration

In this study we examined the effect of heart rate and behavioral measures of attention on distractibility of 6-, 9-, and 12-month-old infants. The infants were presented with a toy, and a distractor was presented while they attended to the toy. The distractor was presented during heart rate changes indicating sustained attention or attention termination, or during periods of time when behavioral ratings indicated the infant was in focused or casual attention. There were longer distraction latencies during attentional engagement as defined by heart rate changes or behavioral ratings than for periods of inattention. Infants had the longest distraction latencies when heart rate and behavior measures were congruent with respect to attention engagement (heart rate deceleration and focused attention). Conversely, latencies were shortes for congruent values of inattention (heart rate acceleration and casual attention). Infant information processing may be greatest when a heart rate deceleration occurs simultaneously with an episode of focused attention.     

Infants Use Compression Information to Infer Objects’ Weights: Examining Cognition,Exploration, and Prospective Action in a Preferential‐Reaching Task

The present research used a preferential‐reaching task to examine whether 9‐ and 11‐month‐olds (n = 144) could infer the relative weights of two objects resting on a soft, compressible platform. Experiment 1 established that infants reached preferentially for the lighter of 2 boxes. In Experiments 2–4, infants saw 2 boxes identical except in weight resting on a cotton wool platform. Infants reached prospectively for the lighter box, but only when their initial exploratory activities provided critical information. At 11 months, infants succeeded as long as they first determined that the platform was compressible; at 9 months, infants succeeded only if they also explored the boxes and thus had advance knowledge that they differed in weight.     

The Structure of Temperamental Fear and Pleasure in Infants: A Psychometric Perspective

Despite the prominence of temperament constructs in the study of infant development, little evidence exists about the internal structure of temperament. We assessed temperament both via questionnaire and in repeated laboratory visits for 168 9-month-old twins and singletons. Mothers' and fathers' agreement on temperament questionnaire scales was low, except for scales tapping negative emotionality and activity level. The factor structure of mothers' and fathers' questionnaire scales also differed, with fathers tending to associate higher motoric activity with hedonically positive behaviors. We measured fearfulness during 2 visual cliff episodes and a stranger approach, and we measured joy/pleasure during a series of 4 games. For both fearfulness and pleasure we found moderate cross-situation generality, short-term stability, and convergence with specific temperament questionnaire scales. Parameters of response, such as latency, duration, and intensity, intercorrelated within--but not across--response types. Fearful distress and avoidance proved to be uncorrelated. The results suggest that the component behaviors of infant fearfulness and pleasure are structured in a fashion consistent with a temperamental interpretation.     

陆机《文赋》的感物观及其诗歌创作

《赋)从理论上提出了学创作中外物的层面,并强调“感物”的学观点．这一观点在陆机的诗歌创作中得到了自觉的实践,对后来谢灵运的诗歌创作和刘勰的《心雕龙》都产生了较大的影响。     

The Educational Object Economy: Alternatives in Authoring and Aggregation of Educational Software

The Educational Object Economy (EOE) emerged from research on end-user authoring tools for multimedia software and, by 1997, developed into a library of over 2000 freely available interactive simulations for learning. The organization's original goals and its ongoing interest in alternative methods of software authoring led to continuing connections with component-based software development and collaborative development models. Subsequent focus on learning resource development in developing countries has led to contributions to projects in India, Turkey, Brazil, and other countries. Although the need for learning resources in these and other countries is great, component-based approaches have not yet been adopted.     

间断特征和特征大小对汉字知觉干扰效应的影响

两个实验均采用2（大小条件：245×245像素和116×116像素）×2（测试条件：标准和递进）被试内设计（实验一为连续递进,实验二为间断间隔递进）,考察间断特征和特征大小对汉字知觉干扰效应的影响;结果发现两个实验中递进条件下的识别率均显著低于标准条件下的,即均存在知觉干扰效应,失匹配假说能比较好地解释这一结果;大小条件只影响识别率,不影响知觉干扰效应。     

教学材料的意义——兼论教学认识活动中学生的直接客体

教学材料的意义维度是教学材料的"灵魂",只有着眼于它的意义维度,才能认清它真正的价值所在。教学材料作为教学认识活动中的直接客体,它的意义是由教师根据知识展开的,同时也是由作为活动主体的学生生成的,外部的控制力量与主体的内部力量共同构成了教学材料的意义维度。以意义为出发点来看待教学材料,打破了它原有形象上的局限性,给它带来了形象上新的延展,但同时也为它的形象的呈现划定了特定的场域,表明它绝非无处不在、多多益善。     

实施历史探究式教学,全面实现新课改目标

历史探究式教学是指教学活动以历史教材为基本内容,以问题解决为中心,在教师的指导下,通过形式多样的探究活动,以获得知识和发展技能、培养能力及情感体验为目的的教学模式。它是合乎高中历史新课程基本理念而又行之有效的教学方法。     

浅议《侵权责任法》的施行可能给幼儿园等低龄教育机构带来的影响

经过四次审议,历时七年终获通过的<中华人民共和国侵权责任法>(以下简称<侵权责任法>已施行,这部法律所涵盖的内容丰富,密切联系社会生活,将各种典型的侵权行为形态收录其中,是民法界的一件大事,当然也是中国迈向法治的重要一步.     

"把"后宾语与篇章回指现象

“把”字句是一种很重要而且使用频率很高的句式,“把”字句中“把”后宾语前后具有篇章回指现象,“把”后宾语前后的回指主要有代词回指和名词回指。     

异化劳动中主体与客体的关系——对马克思《1844年经济学哲学手稿》的分析

由异化上升到异化劳动,是马克思思想发展过程中的一次重大转折。但异化劳动理论还不等于唯物史观,它包含着内在的矛盾。本文通过对异化劳动理论中的主体与客体关系的分析,即着眼于分析劳动中形成的主客体关系——人与劳动对象、人与劳动过程、人与人的关系,把异化劳动看成是一种客观历史现象,从而揭示马克思是怎样把社会发展看成是自然历史过程、进而去研究历史自身发展的内在规律、最终走向历史唯物主义的。     

“西方政治思想史”第一课——对象与方法

政治思想是适应一定时代需要,反映一定社会阶级、阶层或集团利益的政治理想、政治态度和政治要求;政治思想的核心问题是国家政权问题,如何认识国家、组织国家、管理国家是政治思想的主要内容;政治思想具有阶级性和社会性、时代性与继承性、民族性与交汇性等一般特征;坚持逻辑与历史相统一的原则、坚持阶级分析法与历史分析法相结合,是研究西方政治思想史的基本方法,是马克思主义科学世界观和方法论的基本要求.     

The Use of Visual-Tactile Communication Strategies by Deaf and Hearing Fathers and Mothers of Deaf Infants

This article presents the results of a study comparing deaf and hearing parents in the use of visual-tactile communication strategies during interaction with their hearing-impaired children between 18 and 24 months of age. The study includes 17 deaf and hard-of-hearing children and 33 parents, covering hearing mothers (n = 12), hearing fathers (n = 11), deaf mothers (n = 5), and deaf fathers (n = 5). The four groups of parents are compared in the use of visual-tactile communication strategies during free play with their children. Overall results show that deaf mothers and deaf fathers differ significantly from hearing parents in the use of a visual communication style adapted to the developmental communication needs and abilities related to the 18- to 24-month age period. The study pays special attention to differences in visual-tactile communication strategies according to hearing status, gender, use of languages, and communication modes.     

师生教学关系的走向：从主客体到主体间性交往

师生教学关系的性质关系到教育本质和教育规律等重大问题。师生在教学中互为主客体关系被教育理论界大致认同，但这种关系的弊端已初见端倪，主体间性交往关系才是师生在教学中应有的关系，这种关系可通过增加师生有效性交往的次数，完善师生教学交往信息反馈系统，发挥学生主体性，转换教育理念措施来实现。     

论《诗经》恋歌言述所显现出的情感特质

《诗经》当中的恋歌言述淹没于婚姻的包围,伦理意义的咏歌大于生命意义的抒发。周公制礼以来的社会期待与周人的礼性自觉互相影响,共同构建出周人恋歌言述下的这一情感特质——注重伦理或准伦理本位的言情抒发。这一物化在周人恋歌当中伦理或者准伦理性的情感特质既使周人的诗情区别于自己,同时又彰显出民族的特色,进而影响了整个中国抒情传统的形成。